AP World History Ultimate Review: Units 1-6 Study Guide (1200-1900)

Unit 1: Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

1.1 Song China

Vocabulary and Concepts: - Filial Piety: A fundamental virtue involving respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. - Champa Rice: A drought-resistant, quick-maturing variety of rice that enables $2$ harvests per year. - Textile: Refers to cloth or woven fabric types. - Bureaucracy: A government system where major decisions are made by state officials instead of elected representatives. - Foot-Binding: A historical practice in China aimed at making feet as small as possible, considered a sign of beauty.
Influence of Confucianism: - Heavily influenced the Chinese government by promoting the belief in a basic universal order. - Established an organized society where every individual maintains a specific set role.
Buddhism Variants: - Theravada Buddhism: Older and more conservative; common in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. It focuses on the development of arhatship (personal awakening and insight). - Mahayana Buddhism: Common in Tibet, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Taiwan. It focuses on the awakening of the collective whole and incorporates more art and ritual. - Similarities: Both view Buddha as the teacher, follow the $4$ Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, and emphasize meditation to train the mind, body, and heart.
Government and Civil Service: - Civil Service Exam: Passing this was mandatory for government employment. It resulted in a highly educated population and bureaucracy. Those who passed were offered tax cuts.
Song Economy: - Experienced large growth in trade and opened the Chinese market. - Merchants became more structured, organizing markets based on the specific goods sold to increase efficiency. - Significant inventions included gunpowder and paper money. - Neo-Confucianism: A mixture of Buddhism and Taoism; serves as an example of cultural diffusion along the Silk Road. - Unity: Sustained through a shared language, shared culture, and the ideology of Confucianism. - Population Growth: Excess food from Champa Rice led to a population surge, increased manufacturing, and greater wealth.

1.2 Dar al-Islam

Definition: "Dar al-Islam" refers to places of Islam where Muslims can practice their religion freely.
Abbasid Empire: Fell in $1258$ following an invasion by the Mongols.
Golden Age: Prior to the fall, this era saw major contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and geography.
Spread of Islam: Facilitated by merchants traveling via the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan trade routes, and Indian Ocean trade routes across Afro-Eurasia.

1.3 South and Southeast Asia

Hinduism and Buddhism Commonalities: - Karma: Belief that every action results in a reaction. - Reincarnation: The belief that the soul is eternal even after the body dies. - Desire: Identified as the source of suffering. - Practices: Both utilize meditation, yoga, and seek spiritual enlightenment (a state of relaxation).
State Development: - Delhi Sultanate: An Islamic state in northern India, founded in $1206$ . - Vijayanagara Empire: A Hindu state in southern India founded in $1336$ by two brothers who converted back to Hinduism from the Delhi Sultanate. - Bengal Sultanate: Founded in $1342$ in the eastern region of the Delhi Sultanate after declaring independence; it was Islamic. - Transitions: These states fell between $1400-1550$ . The Delhi Sultanate was replaced by the Mughal Empire in $1526$ .
Bhakti Movement: A Hindu movement emphasizing emotional attachment between the devotee and a personal God. It taught love, devotion, self-surrendering, and open-mindedness.
Sufism: A practice where Muslims sought divine love and knowledge through personal experience with God; emphasized praying $5$ times per day, fasting, and charity.
Buddhist Monasticism: Devotion to Buddhism through meditation, rituals, and solitary retreats, making the religion a lifestyle.
Caste System: The social hierarchy in India. One's caste was determined by karma from a past life, and the only way to move between castes was through rebirth after death.

1.4 The Americas

Mississippian Culture: - Constructed large monuments elevated above the ground. - Cahokia: The most prominent tribe, located in modern-day Illinois. The settlement was abandoned around $1450$ for unknown reasons.
Chaco/Mesa Verde: Located in modern-day Colorado in dry lands; they built dwellings into the sides of cliffs. Became extinct around $1300$ due to extreme dryness.
Aztecs (Mexicas): - Located in modern-day Mexico. - Tenochtitlan: Capital city founded in $1325$ (now Mexico City). Known for its beauty which astonished Europeans. - Tribute System: A tax system where conquered regions paid taxes. It included human sacrifice to the Gods and made the empire very wealthy.

1.5 Africa

Organization: Mostly loose federations of tribes led by chiefs rather than centralized governments.
Hausa Kingdom: A combination of African tribes where each specialized (e.g., some in military, others in farming). It was largely Muslim due to Islamic merchants on the Trans-Saharan trade route.

1.6 Europe

Vocabulary: - Monitorial system: A social/political system where peasants were dependent on their lord and the land provided to them. - Decentralization: Turning authority from central to local governments. - Serfdom: The social status of peasants under feudalism. - Feudalism: A medieval European system with nobles at the top; peasants received protection in exchange for a portion of their produce. - Fief: An estate of land held under the service of a feudal lord.
High Middle Ages ( $1200-1450$ ): - Marked the end of the Dark Ages with the rise of powerful monarchs, bureaucracies, and stronger armies. - Magna Carta ( $1215$ ): Pushed by the noble class to grant rights like jury trials and the inheritance of land. - English Parliament ( $1265$ ): Increased noble power.
The Roman Catholic Church: - Founded universities, making religious individuals the most educated in society. - Sponsored Christian-themed artwork for illiterate peasants. - Power struggles occurred between the church and various states.
The Crusades: Wars between Roman Catholics and Muslims over Jerusalem (the Holy Land), shifting allegiance from monarchs toward the church.
Economics and Rebirth: - Marco Polo: Explorer whose stories of the Silk Road sparked interest in the East. - Bourgeoisie: The rising middle class of merchants and shopkeepers (distinct from Karl Marx's later definition). - Mini Ice-Age: Occurred in the late $1200s$ , causing a temporary decrease in agriculture, population, and trade. - Renaissance ( $1300-1600$ ): The rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman culture and art. Innovations included the mechanical clock and the printing press. Art focused on realism and the human body (e.g., Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael).

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

2.1 The Silk Road

Named for silk, a status symbol from China.
Facilitated cultural diffusion across Afro-Eurasia, leading to religious spin-offs like Mahayana Buddhism.
Spread of Disease: The Black Plague ( $1346-1348$ ) killed $\frac{1}{2}$ of the population.
Traded mostly valuable goods due to the limited capacity of camels.

2.2 Indian Ocean Trade

Connected China to East Africa. Ships could hold more than camels, leading to the trade of common/heavy items.
Goods: Chinese porcelain (vases), Indian/Indonesian cotton and spices, East African ivory and gold.
Monsoons: Predictable wind patterns that allowed travel during specific times of the year.
Impact: The Song Dynasty became wealthy via exports. Swahili city-states in East Africa grew rich; the Swahili language is a mixture of Islam and Bantu.

2.3 Trans-Saharan Trade

Linked North and Central Africa to Mediterranean nations.
Regional Goods: North Africa (cloth, glasswork, books) vs. Southwest Africa (grains, yams, kola nuts).
Mali Empire: Monopolized the trade of horses and metal. Mansa Musa was a super-wealthy leader who spread Islam.

2.4 The Mongols

Controlled the largest land empire in history starting in the $1200s$ . Left few cultural footprints.
Genghis Khan: Born in $1162$ ; united Mongolian tribes. Known for brutality, his organized army absorbed captured people rather than enslaving them.
Conquest of China ( $1209-1279$ ): Founded the Yuan Dynasty, built roads and canals. Rebellions forced them out by the mid- $1300s$ .
Persian Conquest ( $1220-1223$ ): Mongols in Persia were influenced by the locals, and many converted to Islam.

2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

Inventions: Magnetic compass, Astrolabe (latitude calculation), Chinese Junks (flat-bottomed ships), Lateen sail (maximized wind), and Sternpost (easy turning).
Trade Centers: Timbuktu (Mali), Hangzhou (China), Jerusalem (Middle East), and Malacca (Muslim city in Indonesia at the Strait of Malacca).
Famous Travelers: - Marco Polo: Italian traveler to China who shared experiences back home. - Ibn Battuta: From Morocco; visited every part of Dar al-Islam. - Margery Kempe: Conducted a Catholic pilgrimage starting in England. - Zheng He: From China; traveled to Southern Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa.

2.6 Environmental Consequences

Crops: Champa Rice (Vietnam to China), Bananas (Indonesia to Africa). Terrace Farming (cutting flat surfaces into hills) was used for Champa Rice.
Bananas in Africa: Allowed tribes to move to areas where their staple crop (yams) did not grow.
Disease: The Black Plague spread through merchants between $1346-1353$ .

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1700)

3.1 Empires Expand

Gunpowder Empires: Relied on firearms to control populations. Includes Russia, the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals.
Europe: Printing press increased literacy. Monarchs centralized power, controlling taxes, military, and religion (expansion of bureaucracy).
Russia: Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) crowned czar in $1547$ ; used gunpowder to expand east.
East Asia: The Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan in $1368$ , doubling the population. The Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming in $1636$ and ruled until $1912$ , using gunpowder for conquest.
Ottoman Empire: Established in the $1300s$ ; lasted until the $1900s$ . Conquered Constantinople from the Byzantines in $1453$ and renamed it Istanbul. Peaked from $1520-1556$ .
Safavid Empire ( $1502-1736$ ): Conquered Persia using gunpowder. Established Shi'a Islam as the official religion, leading to conflict with Sunni Ottomans.
Mughal Empire ( $1526-1857$ ): Founded after the Delhi Sultanate fell. Akbar established a centralized government.

3.2 Administration of Empires

Europe: Believed in the "Divine Right of Kings" (God-given power). Justices of Peace settled legal disputes in England. France saw the rise of absolutism (Louis XIV, $1643-1715$ ).
Ottomans: Used devshirme to take Baltic slaves (e.g., from Greece), brainwashing them into loyal soldiers called Janissaries. Used Tax Farming to collect revenue.
China: Ming Dynasty beefed up the bureaucracy and brought back the civil service exam to erase Mongol influence.
Japan: Fractured into city-states. The Tokugawa Shogunate ( $1600-1868$ ) used the Act of Seclusion ( $1636$ ) to isolate Japan from Western trade. Removed power from Daimyos in favor of Shoguns.
India: Akbar sent Zamindars to collect taxes. Unlike Ottoman tax farmers, Zamindars did not own the land, though they later took control as the empire weakened.
Legitimacy: Rulers used religion (Islam in Songhai) and monumental architecture (Taj Mahal, Palace of Versailles, mosques of Mansa Musa) to show power.

3.3 Belief Systems

Protestant Reformation: Began Oct $31, 1517$ , when Martin Luther nailed the $95$ Theses to a church door. He argued for "faith alone" and criticized corruption (selling of indulgences).
Sunni vs. Shi'a: Ottomans were Sunni (relied on the Sunnah); Safavids were Shi'a (relied on Ayatollahs as God's signs on earth).
Mughal Religion: Open to all religions; Sikhism (Hinduism + Islam) emerged.

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450-1700)

4.1 Technological Innovations

Europeans sought sea routes to India/China because Islamic countries dominated land routes.
Tools: Caravel (small/fast Portuguese ship), Fluyt (Dutch cargo ship), astrolabe, compass, and lateen sail.

4.2 Exploration

Motivations: Gold, God, and Glory. Mercantilism measured wealth in gold, implying a finite amount in the world.
Portugal: Created a "Trading Post Empire" on the African/Indian coasts. Monopolized Indian Ocean trade.
Spain: Christopher Columbus reached the Americas ( $1492$ ), encountering the Taino Indians. Enslavement of natives led to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade as natives escaped too easily.
Other Settlements: England (Jamestown, $1609$ ), France (Quebec, good relations with natives), Dutch (New Amsterdam/New York, funded by Dutch East India Company in $1602$ ).

4.3 The Columbian Exchange

Diseases: Smallpox, influenza, measles, and malaria killed large numbers of natives.
Goods/Animals: Pigs, cows, wheat, grapes, and horses moved to America. Cacao, maize, and potatoes moved to Europe.

4.4 Maritime Empires Established

King Nzinga: Converted to Christianity in $1491$ in the Kongo region.
Treaty of Tordesillas ( $1494$ ): Split newly discovered lands; Portugal got Brazil, Spain got the rest of the Americas.
Labor Systems: - Chattel Slavery: Ownership of people as property. - Indentured Servitude: Labor for a set number of years to pay for travel. - Hacienda System: Land grants to nobles in the Americas. - Encomienda System: Natives worked for protection and education. - Mit'a System: Borrowed from the Inca; forced natives to mine silver for low wages.
Polygyny: Became common in Africa due to the depletion of the male population via the slave trade.

4.5 Consolidation and Resistance

Mercantilism: Idealized having more exports than imports and using colonies to serve the mother country.
Triangular Trade: Manufactured goods (Europe to Africa), Slaves (Africa to Americas), Raw Materials (Americas to Europe).
Resistance: - Queen Anna Nzinga: Rebelled against Portuguese in Africa ( $1640s$ ). - Pugachev Rebellion ( $1774$ ): Unsuccessful serf rebellion in Russia resisted by Catherine the Great. - Pueblo Revolt ( $1680$ ): Uprising against Spanish rule in the Americas. - Stono Rebellion ( $1739$ ): Slave uprising in South Carolina.
Social Hierarchy: The Americas used the Casta System (Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Zambos, Africans, Natives).

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

5.1 Enlightenment

Philosophy: Encouraged reason over authority. John Locke argued for natural rights and the right to revolt against corrupt government.
Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sense-experience (sight, sound, etc.), challenging biblical authority.
Adam Smith: Wrote against mercantilism, advocating for Laissez-Faire Capitalism.
Deism: Belief that God created natural laws but does not intervene in human affairs.
Women's Rights: Mary Wollstonecraft; Declaration of Sentiments (USA) argued for suffrage and equality.
Abolition: Slave trade banned in US ( $1808$ ). Russian serfs emancipated in $1861$ .

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution

American Revolution ( $1765-1783$ ): Independence declared July $4, 1776$ , inspired by Enlightenment natural rights.
French Revolution ( $1789-1799$ ): The $3rd$ Estate (Commoners) made up over $98\%$ of the population but had only $\frac{1}{3}$ of the say. Formed the National Assembly, stormed the Bastille, and produced the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen."
Haitian Revolution ( $1791-1804$ ): Largest slave rebellion, led by Toussaint Louverture.
Latin American Revolutions: Led by Simon Bolivar (author of the "Letter From Jamaica"); established Gran Colombia.
Unification: Italy (Count Cavour) and Germany (Otto Von Bismarck) unified using nationalism.

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

Started in England ( $1760$ ) due to proximity to water, coal/iron resources, crop rotation, and the seed drill.
Factory System: Inventions like the Water Frame ( $1769$ ) and Spinning Jenny ( $1764$ ) revolutionized textiles. Interchangeable parts allowed for mass production by low-skilled workers.

5.4 Spread and Technology

USA: Industrialized via large waves of European immigrants.
Russia: Built the Trans-Siberian Railroad (begun $1891$ ) to increase trade with China.
Japan: Ended isolation in $1853$ when Matthew Perry arrived with a US naval fleet; began the Meiji Restoration.
Technology: The $1st$ Industrial Revolution used coal and steam (steamships, locomotives). The $2nd$ Industrial Revolution ( $1870-1914$ ) used steel, gas, and communications (telegraph, telephone).

5.5 Economic and Social Changes

Corporations: Independent legal entities owned by shareholders. Examples: HSBC and Unilever.
Culture: Rise of consumer/leisure culture (pubs, bicycles, baseball, horse riding).
Reactions: Rise of Labor Unions for safety and pay; laws like the $1843$ ban on child labor in mines; Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto, $1848$ ) dividing the world into Bourgeoisie and Proletarians.
China: Self-Strengthening movement; Hundred Days of Reform abolished the civil service exam.
Society: Explosion of city populations living in cramped tenement buildings with diseases like cholera and smog pollution. The Cult of Domesticity confined women to the home.

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

6.1 Rationales for Imperialism

White Man's Burden: Belief in European racial superiority and a duty to civilize.
Social Darwinism: Application of "survival of the fittest" to human society.
Expansion: Britain conquered India using the British East India Company. France established colonies in Algeria, Senegal, and Southeast Asia. Japan colonized Korea after the Sino-Japanese War ( $1894$ ).

6.2 State Expansion

Africa: Suez Canal ( $1854-1882$ ); Berlin Conference ( $1884$ ) divided Africa among Europeans (no African leaders present). King Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the Congo ( $1885-1908$ ); $8$ million died due to forced labor in ivory and rubber.
Asia/Pacific: British established Penal Colonies in Australia which later drew non-prisoners for gold and copper. The Maori in New Zealand resisted British rule in the New Zealand wars.
USA: Indian Removal Act ( $1830$ ) led to the Trail of Tears. The Spanish American War ( $1898$ ) gave the US control over Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

6.3 Indigenous Responses

Ghost Dance ( $1889$ ): Spiritual movement among American Indians to bring back ancestors to fight Americans; crushed by the US.
Cattle Killing Movement: The Xhosa in South Africa killed over $400,000$ cows believing spirits would drive the British away.
West Africa: The Sokoto Caliphate ( $1804-1903$ ) grew rich from the slave trade before being dismantled by the British.

6.4 Global Economic Development

Shift from Subsistence Farming to Cash Crop Farming (cotton, rubber, palm oil). Guano (seabird poop) was exported from Peru/Chile as fertilizer.
Diamonds: Found in South Africa ( $1871$ ). Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of Cape Colony ( $1890$ ); his policies laid the foundation for Apartheid.

6.5 Economic Imperialism and Migration

Opium Wars ( $1839-1842$ ): Britain smuggled opium into China to force trade; China was carved into Spheres of Influence.
Migration: Economies globalized via steamships. Indentured Servitude and Contract Labor replaced abolished slavery.
Diasporas: Irish migrated due to the Potato Famine ( $1845$ ) and political discrimination. Chinese and Indian Enclaves formed in America, Mauritius, and SE Asia.
Reactions: Anti-immigrant sentiment led to the Chinese Exclusion Act ( $1882$ ) in the US and the White Australia policy ( $1901$ ).