Ap bio chap 9-10

  1.  Catabolic pathways are metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules 

  2. During cellular respiration glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced  

  3. During an oxidation-reduction reaction glucose loses a hydrogen atom and the molecule is oxidized 

  4. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric cycle 

  5. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol 

  6. Substrate level phosphorylation generate the ATP that is made during glycolysis 

  7. Oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved in the accepting of electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 

  8. Glycolysis in eukaryotic cells will take place whether or not oxygen is present 

  9. When an electron shifts to a more electronegative atom it loses potential energy 

  10. When glucose is catabolized to a pyruvate its energy is retained by the pyruvate 

  11. The end products of glycolysis are ATP, NADH and pyruvate 

  12. When a molecule is phosphorylated it has an increased chemical activity and is primed to do cellular work 

  13. Glycolysis uses stored ATP ( the “investment phase”) and forms a net increase in ATP (the “payoff phase”) 

  14. When a pyruvate is catabolized in the citric cycle it follows 3 steps which result in the formation of acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2

  15. The oxidation of one pyruvate molecule will feed 2 carbon atoms into the citric acid cycle 

  16. During cellular respiration, oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric cycle release CO2

  17. 12 NADH+FADH2 molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose metabolized by glycolysis and the citric cycle 

  18. During aerobic respiration electrons travel down hill following the sequence: food🡪NADH🡪electron transport chain🡪oxygen 

  19. The mitochondrial inner membrane is where the protons of the electron transport chain are located 

  20. Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) produced the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O

  21. The complete oxidation of 2 molecules of glucose can produce 72 to 76 ATP 

  22. Glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present 

  23. Glycolysis is found in both cellular respiration and fermentation 

  24. The reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol is  result of NAD+ being regenerated from NADH 

  25. Both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation oxidize NADH to NAD+

  26. Potassium ions increase causing muscle fatigue when muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration 

  27. Plant cells use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time 

  28. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast 

  29. Many pigments can absorb light during photosynthesis

  30. In photosystem II the electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water 

  31. Photosystem I receives electrons from plastocyanin 

  32. Chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts establishes the proton gradient 

  33. During respiration the reduction of oxygen forms water 

  34. During photosynthesis there is a reduction of NADP+

  35. The splitting of CO2 to form O2 DOES NOT occur during photosynthesis or respiration 

  36. Both photosynthesis and respiration generate proton gradients across membranes 

  37. Wavelength of light and quantity of energy per photon are inversely related 

  38. Carotenoids dissipate excessive light energy 

  39. The Calvin cycle synthesizes simple sugars from carbon dioxide 

  40. The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with ATP and NADPH

  41. Photosynthesis is similar in C4 and CAM plants because rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially 

  42. The Calvin cycle does NOT release oxygen