Public Service Broadcasting Notes

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Radio and television are the most accessible ICTs for a large portion of the global population, especially in rural areas. The convergence of broadcasting, telecommunications, and computers has revolutionized broadcasting services. Commercial broadcasting, in pursuit of profit, has often shifted away from public interest towards entertainment. Public service broadcasting (PSB) is crucial to protect public interest. The enhancement of PSB is the way to go in a broadcasting landscape caught between state-controlled models which ruling political elites dominate, and commercial systems that only focus on revenues. Recent developments highlight the relevance of PSB. Marc Raboy highlights key aspects of the new broadcasting environment:
a) Channel capacity explosion and disappearing audio-visual borders due to new technology.
b) Disintegration of the state broadcasting model and democratization.
c) Increase in market broadcasting and mixed systems in former public service monopolies.
PSB needs to address these changes. The goal of this document is to encourage public service broadcasting by addressing challenges and highlighting good practices and innovative models.

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING (PSB)

There isn't a 'gold standard' for PSB, but certain characteristics have wide validity. PSB models developed to counter weaknesses of state-controlled and commercial models. Public-service model addresses mistrust of market mechanisms, and mistrust of the State's ability to inform, educate, and entertain.

THE ROLE OF PSB - BOX 1.1

PSB plays an important role in providing access to and participation in public life and can be instrumental in promoting access to education and culture. Radio and television remain the most available ICTs, with radio being primary. UNESCO committed to supporting and promoting public broadcasting as well as the preservation of its contents which serve the interests of people as citizens rather than as consumers.

WHY PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IS IMPORTANT - BOX 1.2

Public broadcasting is the public’s broadcasting organization; and speaks to everyone as a citizen. Public broadcasters encourage access to and participation in public life while also appealing to the imagination, and entertain. Public broadcasting must be daring, innovative, and take risks. When it succeeds, it can impose its high standards and set the tone for other broadcasters. According to British author Anthony Smith, the British Broadcasting Corporation has “probably been the greatest of the instruments of social democracy of the century".

STATE-OWNED BROADCASTING SYSTEMS

State-owned broadcasting systems cannot be referred to as PSB. There is a widely held misconception that PSB and State broadcasters are synonymous, partly because State broadcasting is perceived to be more public service oriented when compared to commercial broadcasting.

ESSENCE OF PUBLIC BROADCASTING

Public broadcasting's only reason to exist is public service, encouraging access to and participation in public life, broadening horizons, and enabling people to better understand themselves and the world. It is accessible to all, whatever their social or economic status. Besides culture, PSB must also appeal to the imagination, and entertain but with a concern for quality that distinguishes it from commercial broadcasting. Because it is not subject to the dictates of profitability, public broadcast- ing must be daring, innovative, and take risks.

GENUINE PSB

State-controlled broadcasting systems can perform certain public service functions, however, their control by governments prevents them from being identified as PSB. Community broadcasting does not replace public service broadcasting with its broader outlook and national scope. Factors to consider:
a) Universality: Accessible to every citizen, putting all citizens on the same footing.
b) Diversity: Services should be diversified in genres, audiences, and subjects, reflecting the range of public interests.
c) Independence: Broadcaster is independent and allows freedom against commercial or political influence.
d) Distinctiveness: Services must be distinguished from other broadcasting services, innovating and creating new content.

DEFINING PSB - BOX 1.3

Some languages lack corresponding terms for ''public'', wrongly translating it into State. This linguistic barrier constitutes the first obstacle to a clear understanding of PSB, which is anything but state broadcasting.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE

The Council of Europe’s Independent Television Commission describes a PSB channel as having:

UNESCO

UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, Dr Abdul Waheed Khan, reflected that “only in the unrestricted pursuit of objective truth and in the free exchange of ideas and knowledge can we achieve international peace, understanding and sustainable development. " PSB should consistently show the ability to become the voice in society, guaranteeing equal access for a wide range of opinions and becoming a trendsetter in raising vital socio-political issues.

1.3 CALL TO ACTION—INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON PSB

Commercial programming maximizes revenues through sensational content without respect for public interest. The quality of democracy, education, and citizens’ empowerment will be threatened. International institutions and conferences aim to improve PSB and encourage its development away from state control.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (IFJ)

The IFJ launched a worldwide campaign in 2001 to defend public service broadcasting and promotes public service values, editorial independence, and democratic systems of administration. The ‘Colombo Declaration’ recognized the need for strong unions of journalists and media workers.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (EFJ)

The EFJ called on politicians, public authorities, and civil society groups to unite in defence of public service broadcasting, facing threats from trade liberalisation and political manipulation. Key values are under threat of political and corporate interference. It addresses pressure on public finances and the liberalisation of trade but notes that private media companies seek to end all public funding for broadcasting.

1.3.1 Public Broadcasting for All Campaign:

The EFJ called on political parties and national parliaments across Europe to adopt a Manifesto of Public Service Values:

1.3.2 European Commission Declaration on State Aid:

Member states are free to define the extent of public service and the way it is financed and organized. The Commission called for transparency to assess the proportionality of State funding. It reserved its right to intervene where a distortion of competition cannot be justified with public service needs. Public broadcasting is defined as a service of general interest, but when funded by state resources it amounts to State Aid.

1.3.3 African Charter on Broadcasting:

UNESCO organized the Windhoek Conference “Ten Years On: Assessment, Challenges and Prospects” from 3–5 May 2001. It declared that the legal framework for broadcasting should include principles underpinning broadcast regulation, including respect for freedom of expression, diversity, and the free flow of information. A Charter was proposed by the Southern African Broadcasting Association (SABA).

1.3.4 The Accra Declaration:

A conference on Public Service Broadcasting in West Africa recommended on the status and mandate of PSB organisations, the independence of regulatory bodies, the principle of editorial independence, and PSB’s obligation to ensure that the public receive adequate, unbiased information, particularly, during elections.

1.3.5 Almaty Recommendations:

A seminar on public service broadcasting in the Central Asian republics considered PSB as a contribution to the development of democracy in Central Asia, with a means to building an informal civil society that recognizes pluralism and the importance of national identity and culture. They recommended how the idea of public service broadcasting should be encouraged and publicized.

1.3.6 Bangkok Declaration:

The first Conference of the Ministers on Information and Broadcasting in Asia and the Pacific covered the role of PSB, guidelines to government authorities on regulating PSB and the role of sponsorship on PSB.

1.3.7 Amman Declaration:

A Regional Workshop on “Public Service Broadcasting and the Civil Society in the Arab Region”, shared experiences and expertise, to promote the concept of public service broadcasting and adopted recommendations to encourage the development of PSBs in all countries of the region as an important element of society and of citizen participation in the public life and sustainable democratic development.

1.3.8 AIBD Action:

The Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development has undertaken activities to promote PSB in the region. Training workshops and seminars discussed the characteristics of public service broadcasting as a service that is owned, paid for, and controlled by the public. Managers should examine the possibility of introducing a “Quality Certification Process”. Public service broadcasters should be guaranteed the right to adopt new and emerging communication technologies.

1.4 RESOURCES

Lists resources in publications and Website links.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

PSB requires a belief in good governance, human rights, and participatory citizenship. In a world with information overload, PSB should serve as a reference point. Must create proper environment for PSB and media literacy skills. Broadcasting players have responsibilities beyond corporation’s objectives. Media literacy enhances utilization of public space. PSB value needs to be easily realized in terms of citizenship, not hidden behind niche technology. This involves sharing among all players to facilitate access to citizens, and a regulatory regime essential to PSB’s civic remit. Electronic programme guides, technology enabling participation, programme treatments, and broadcast coverage.

2.2 IN A COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT - BEST PRACTICES FOR PSBS

India and the UK provide successful examples, Greece is a negative example, and Canada provides a middle path.

2.2.1 India: Consorting with Competitors

In 1995, Doordarshan (DD) arranged to carry CNN, accessing Turner-owned material and securing dedicated programming. CNN later ended the deal. Doordarshan signed a deal with Nine Gold in 2000. It benefited from improved transmission quality, cable operators, and commercial revenues. Doordarshan increased appeal for urban middle-class voters, it weakened its offer for rural viewers, and educational programming suffered.

2.2.2 Two Aspects of the UK Experience

PSB performs best in a market that is neither over-competitive nor under-competitive. The UK seems to have found the middle way between the two. A major factor in that successful path was the presence of at least one major PSB player, which did not compete for funding with the commercial sector.

2.2.2.1 The BBC/ITV ‘Duopoly’:

The BBC took no advertising and relied on public funds so its revenues were not threatened. New commercial players were awarded franchises, with PSB obligations which spurred a revitalization of the BBC programme offer. The BBC’s secure funding made for better performance of its PSB obligations which allowed other market players to make rival PSB-type programme offers.

2.2.2.2 Channel Four:

Channel Four was designed to enrich PSB programme choice from within the commercial system. Programmes were commissioned from independent producers and was to be funded from advertising. Under CEOs Jeremy Isaacs, Michael Grade, and Michael Jackson, Channel Four built a 10% audience share in the UK market.

2.2.3 Cowed by the Competition: The Greek experience

The entry of commercial players produced consequences on PSBs made vulnerable by mixed funding. The existing broadcaster driven into a limited public-service sphere. Greek TV channels retained some documentary programming and children’s programming, but found themselves trapped in a “vicious circle” of mixed funding. Audience decline made advertisers less interested, bringing in less revenue and generating less attractive programmes and retreated into its PSB content core.

2.2.3.1 Greece’s ETV:

In Greece by 1991 commercial stations like Mega and Antenna had amassed 85.6 % of television advertising which reduced the public channel share and drove them into safe but limited public-service sphere.

2.2.4 The Middle Path to effective public service broadcasting – The Canadian story

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), took positive steps in reaction to powerful market changes such as United States programming. The response affirmed PSB mission statement from the 1968 legislation, placing continued emphasis on minority needs and on programming in both English and French. CBC and partners produced Canadian counterparts to American series and sold programming to US networks. CBC also seized export opportunities in English and French market between the UK, Australia, France and China.

2.2.4.1 Canada’s CBC:

In Canada the PSB mission statement was affirmed placing emphasis on minority needs and programming in both English and French. CBC and commercial partners produced Canadian counterparts to the American programme series that had ‘invaded’ Canadian homes. CBC sold series to major US television networks.

2.3 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT FOR BEST CONTENT COMMISSIONING PRACTICES

Making PSB airwaves accessible to independent production houses is an essential element to create a favorable environment for PSB. Thus, content from outside the PSB organisation is a very important criteria.

2.3.1 BBC Practice:

Documentary texts are concerned, there are wide discrepancies in style and degree of detail chosen by different PSB players. In 1981, BBC formalized the rules governing journalists and producers.

2.3.2 Public Service Broadcasting Trust (India):

PSBT in partnership with the Prasar Bharati Corporation, the national publicly funded broadcaster, provides Doordarshan television with 52 public service documentary films a year produced by independent film makers. They develop international production standards that encourage creativity. PSBT follows two commissioning cycles each year. PSBT completed documentary films on Ideas That Work, in partnership with the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances of the Government of India.

2.3.3 Local Content Commissioning Scheme (Singapore):

The Media Development Authority (MDA)'s LCCS aims to encourage the production of quality made-by-Singapore Television content for Singaporeans, with a view towards exporting the content, if suitable. The scheme provides local producers with the opportunity to produce TV content that is timely, relevant, and appealing to the local audience.

2.4 INDEPENDENCE AND CREDIBILITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION DILEMMA

Independence from politicians and pressure groups is a strong playing card. The dilemma, for broadcasters and society, is that broadcasters may end up seeming and being arrogant through their ability to resist and stand aside from pressure. It introduces that very representativeness that is at the heart of the broadcasters’ credibility.

2.4.1 Guidelines for Implementing Independence:

PSB requires editorial and managerial independence including freedom in programming, recruitment, and budgeting; as well as those documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Articles 19 & 29) and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10).

2.4.2 Drafting the Constitutional/Institutional Specifics:

Key is the autonomy of PSB players achieved by separation of the public interest from political, commercial, or pressure-group interest.

2.4.2.1 The Control Structure of German Broadcasting:

Control was designed to forestall reversion to central control, and by building guaranteed places for political sides, pressure groups, and associations into the broadcasting boards.

2.4.2.2 Drafting for Media Independence in Africa —Nigerian and South African Comparisons:

In Nigeria, the process for allocating initial licenses to private broadcasters has been very secretive. Decision-makers and implementers have a clear statement of principles and best practice to follow in the shape of the Windhoek Charter. Best practice requires transparency around how broadcasting institutions are constituted, appointment procedures; and around processes for companies in the broadcasting field.

2.5 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT: TRANSPARENCY ISSUES

Seeking to devise institutions delivering a “mix” of objectives. The PSB ecology will require facilitating the emergence of sustainable PSB-type broadcasting organizations, and constructing a framework of accountability and regulation in which those PSB-type players can conduct business of serving audience needs.

2.6 SETTING NEW INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING STANDARDS: AN EVALUATION PROCESS

The Geneva-based Media and Society Foundation has conducted audits of PSBs for ISAS BC 9001 standard, measuring the degree to which they meet criteria such as viewer satisfaction, accuracy of information, ethical rules, universal access and social relevance.

2.7 RESOURCES

Lists publications and Website related to this chapter.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Regulation of public service broadcasting is complex given global technological and economic challenges.

3.2 MODEL LAW FOR PSBS

Legislation must protect and nurture PSB. Representatives of the public should guide the broadcasting organization and create institutions in which citizens can play an active role. Rumphorst has drawn up a model law for PSB, including articles addressing objectives and organisational scope; programming strategy; access to information and confidentiality of journalistic sources; right of reply; organs of the organisations; legal supervision; and transition provisions.

3.3 NATIONAL LAWS AND PSB MODELS

Mooney listed three organizational models of PSB:

3.3.1 United Kingdom:

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was founded in 1926 under a Royal Charter which is drafted by the Secretary of State for National Heritage. A Licence Agreement specifies the governance and public service obligations and two terrestrial television channels and five sound programme services. Specifies a range of duties for the Homes Services. The BBC is also responsible for the World Service. Under the Charter, the BBC Home Services has the exclusive right to collect the Licence Revenue.

3.3.2 Japan:

NHK was re-established under the Broadcast Law as the people’s station. The key feature of the Broadcast Law the NHK’s independence is carefully guaranteed. One of the key elements of this law is the Receiving Fee System protectting NHK’s financial independence. The Broadcast Law ensures NHK’s independence of programming and obligates broadcasters to set up consultative committees to ensure that programmes meet the standards.

3.3.3 Australia:

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is governed through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act of 1983. The Act also sets out the Charter for the ABC. In section 78, the powers of Ministers to give directions to the Corporation in the national interest are clearly spelt out.

3.3.4 India:

The Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act of 1990 charters the direction of PSB in India. Section 12 spells out the functions and powers of the Corporation. The Corporation shall be guided by the objectives of upholding the Constitution, safeguarding citizens' welfare and serving the communities.

3.3.5 France:

Public service broadcasting is undertaken by different public companies established by the 1986 Law relating to freedom of communication. The main regulatory body, the Conseil Superior de l’Audiovisuel (CSA) is an independent statutory body and laws governing broadcasting are subject to Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. National programming companies contribute to French language and culture and have the same status. Three bodies exercise regulatory authority: parliament, government and CSA. Parliament sets the rate of the license fee each year.

3.3.6 Canada:

Broadcasting is a matter of federal jurisdiction. The regulatory regime is the 1991 Broadcasting Act, which defines philosophies. The public service mandate of the CBC is set out at Section 3(1) and (m) of the BA. guarantees journalistic, creative and programming independence.

3.4 COMPATIBILITY OF PSB AND COMMERCIAL MEDIA

The relationship between both has changed. The European Union accepts that public broadcasting must respect the rules of a market economy that promote a healthy development of both.

3.5 EUROPEAN UNION PROTOCOL ON PUBLIC BROADCASTING

CONSIDERING that the system of public broadcasting in the Member States is directly related to the democratic, social and cultural needs of each society and to the need to preserve media pluralism; HAVE AGREED UPON the article that Member States retain to provide for funding of public service broadcasting.

3.6 EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE JUDGEMENT ON PSB

PSB should adhere to transparency requirements, its mandate should be specified, and an independent regulator oversee its performance. Governments should not strangle New Media.

3.7 NATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF PSB

A study of the national experiences of PSB is useful in identifying models of good practices.

3.7.1 Mission and Objectives of PSB:

These are broad in areas such as the UK through the BBC which uses programmes of information, education, and entertainment. Japan requires high-quality programming.

3.7.2 Structures and Mechanisms of Governance:

In the United Kingdom, the BBC has been constituted as a largely autonomous legal entity, while France has set up 6 national programming companies. The national programming companies are broadly representative of society and to prevent undue influence by any particular political constituency of different states.

3.7.3 Funding Mechanisms of PSBs:

in the United Kingdom, a substantial proportion revenue comes from licence fees. In Australia, the government provides grants. In South Africa, relies largely on advertising and commercial activities for its revenue and Japan received as much as 98 % of its income from the licence fee.

3.7.4 Regulatory Oversight of PSB

In the UK, the oversight function is performed by 3 National Broadcasting Councils, while Japan oversight is carried out through a Consultative Organisation which is concerned with the quality and service of programming. A statutory body, the Conseil Superieur d’Audiovisuel (CSA), is the main regulatory authority in France. In South Africa the regulatory jurisdiction is exercised by both the Minister of Communications and an Independent Broadcasting Authority established by statute.

3.8 CONCLUSION

Guarantees on freedom of expression and of the media, within national legal systems, provide a good starting point. Sufficient thought must be given to ensuring that public service broadcasters are adequately funded and the system as a whole must be made accountable to the public.

3.9 RESOURCES

Lists websites and publications to examine.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Examines best practices used with regards to the building of citizen’s participation.

4.2 DEFINITION OF CITIZEN’S PARTICIPATION AND UNESCO’S ACTION

PSBs that make an attempt to have a dialogue with their audience, generate a greater amount of understanding of exactly what the audience members and the general public feel are important programme areas and types. Dialogue with the audience is important to consult, to determine the values and priorities of citizens and society, and NOT the station automatically assuming they know their values.

WORLD SUMMIT ON THE INFORMATION SOCIETY (WSIS)

Expressed a common desire to build a “people-centered, inclusive and development-orientated Information Society that citizens can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge. UNESCO has been committed to fostering citizens’ media and dialogue between media, particularly broadcasters and civil society groups.

4.3 PUBLIC BROADCASTING MONITORING BODIES

Content and processes must be monitored by bodies to provide feedback to the PSB. Examples are
FRIENDS of Canadian Broadcasting, an independent organization.
Voice of the Listener & Viewer (Britain), non-profit association. Friends of the ABC (Australia), citizen’s lobby group. Citizen’s Media Commission (CMC) of Pakistan, coalition of citizens. Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting (USA), membership organization

4.4 GIVING A VOICE TO THE PEOPLE

Public should be accorded an important role. Should be encouraged to get involved in programming, and PSB journalists and producers must incorporate people’s perspectives, involving local communities in programming. `Mukyamantri tho Mukhamukhi’ (Face to face with the Chief Minister) television programme in India was a success.

4.4.1 Mukyamantri tho Mukhamukhi’ (India):

This question and answer session was broadcast live with the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh answering questions from viewers every week. Viewers usually would call in with their problems and/or complain about the inaction of bureaucrats in their case, and the Chief Minister would act on it mediately. With the public given the ability to have debates with government this prompted positive action.

4.4.2 ‘Natang Sangkhom’ (Thailand):

A new radio programme launched to lodge complaints or air their views. 2 part programme involved a talk back session which followed with a drama of social issues.

4.4.3 C-SPAN (United States):

Created by the TV industry where elected and other 'public' officials gain a direct channel to reach audiences.

4.4.4 Talk-Back with the President (Sri Lanka):

Here Sri Lanka implemented a new talk back show with the president to take calls and answer questions with listeners.

4.5 FACILITATING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PSB

Judged through processes, or creating windows for people. Participation could be without legislation, but through processes. Regulations for PSBs must appoint to minimise political or commercial interference including excluding:
Employees of the civil service or government Employees or office bearers of political parties, Office bearers, shareholders, or those with interests in the telecommunication industry.

4.5.1 Broadcasting Councils (Germany):

BC of German PSB would have a membership of 11 to 66 people. Delegated by members of churches, unions, political parties, etc.

4.6 ADVISORY BODIES TO MAKE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION MORE INCLUSIVE

Advisory bodies could help the broadcaster in monitoring programming standards, creating access criteria and allocation of broadcast times.

4.6.1 Broadcasting Committee (Kenya):

The BC scheduled participating churches for broadcast programmes and determined which churches were to produce programmes with clear guidelines.

4.7 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAMMING

Additional feedback promotes maintenance in programming. There needs to be relevance, quality, and accuracy made.

4.7.1 NHK’s Quality Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

NHK commissions research by assessing social, political and historical contexts to better meet the needs of the public. Values are obtained dependant of other factors such as age and gender through public assessment process for the review, hence allowing people’s participation.

4.7.2 The Canadian Experience in Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

CBC consulted with the public on what the role of the PSB should be. They sought to maintain Canadian interests and values with objectives and by placing emphasis on the needs of services. CBC also examined the question of programming in order to be self-regulated with the laws. They then became aware through the children programming that large amounts of content are viewed even through advertising isn't profitable towards children.

4.7.3 Ofcom’s PSB Study: Measuring the Value Produced by PSB:

ITV measured cost, production and advertisement in showing to calculate the annual costs associated with programmes and obligation.

4.8 DEVELOPING PROGRAMMES TO FACILITATE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION

It is also important to develop training programmes for the PSB production and incorporate the views of people and production.

4.8.1 Vox Populi (Australia):

SBS television introduced a magazine to give non-Anglo people a chance with live recordings and journalist roles that were unbiased. The show eventually became the highest. rated news

4.8.2 Radio Listening Clubs (Malawi:

Development Broadcasting Unit (DBU) facilitate participation to development Radio in rural Malawi.

4.8.3 DTR Radio Listening Clubs (Zambia):

Radio facilitates development by having clubs to discuss or request development to be sent to radio personal making a show and having that show broadcast.

4.9 HOW TO MAKE A COMPLAINT: PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO QUESTION ‘BAD PRACTICES’ OF PSBS

It is also important to look at what models there in making complaints. One such option is an Ombudsman.

4.9.1 Ombudsman (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation):

Reports directly to the president and acts and has certain standards to consider such violations.

4.9.2 Ombudsman (National Public Radio—USA):

to provide a channel to direct complaints, the Ombudsman addresses the complaints.

4.9.3 Independent Complaints Review Panel (Australian Broadcasting Corporation):

Facilitates independent review of complaints on the ABC Board. This way it is ensured whether something shows Bias complaints

4.10 RESOURCES

Lists of organizations, publications & Websites.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

PSB allows scrutiny of public affairs given freedom of speech. Individual protection must be provided and must be free. Examines regulations, codes, and agreements to assist independance at a national level. International press shows websites that provide the ethics of professional journalism.

5.2 REGULATING AND CODES OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Does not consist primarily in application. Codes are to intend practices.

5.2.1 Editorial Code of the South African Broadcasting Corporation:

Affirmed the commitment made to ethic which consists of reporting. It also states that the reporter can not discriminate. An important point is to not allow commercial gain for the business rather than for the editorial.

5.2.2 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Codes of Standards and Practices:

Policy to protect that the airwaves belong to the people with different Points of view protected. The policy should also state transparency in finding that promotes credit worthiness.

5.2.3 Radio France International Code of Ethics:

It is important to check the accuracy of all information, even if being under the pressure to be fast paced under any circumstances. There should also be respect for meaning and documents.

5.2.4 Swedish Code of Ethics:

Make material journalistically and dont try to endorse sales with the article/story. Avoid certain commercial things in the editorial and keep things very factual.

5.3 INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE FOR PSB

Declaration of standards to apply . Declarations are used to guide standards including human rights, resolutions UNESCO and international forums all hand down decisions and guidelines including these declarations .

5.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

There should be freedon to receive and impart information, regardless of country.

5.3.2 Inter-governmental Declarations:

In 1992, the UNESCO-sponsored Declaration of Alma Ata urged to develop public broadcasters with a resolution of the council underlines that media pluralism is important. One organisation is in each country.

5.3.3 Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe:

are to have guarantees to be free such as dismissal, programming etc . Broadcasters should be shielded.

5.3.4 Declarations of UNESCO/UNDPI Seminars:

Emphasis of the need for such independence for the media in general..

5.3.5 Judicial Interpretations:

This says the right to do these interpretations is also important in the international support of PSB.

5.4 PROTECTING PSB IN THE MARKET PLACE: PLURALISM AND BEST PRACTICE

Culture is to not allow it, but it also needs to show how they interact. The quality of that organization will be needed and for some of the reasons, as competition is seen . However psbs need to adapt.

5.4.1 Denmark:

All satellite and cable packages carries Radio and TV2 and where the government service needs to be included.

5.4.2 Germany:

The two major PSB that have access needs to be given to other stations who needed and wanted the help.

5.5 PROTECTING PSB VALUES IN THE MARKET PLACE: ENCOURAGING PRIVATE PSB-STYLE MEDIA

Needs to listen to psb style as competition comes in with it, this may sound ionic however . It still helps to persuade that psb is getting better.

5.5.1 NDTV: India:

Operates 24 hr news channels. Uses a system to motivate voting and help take his business to the people . As a responsible news broadcaster he would have done anyway and get those people educated.

5.5.2 Sirasa Radio: Sri Lanka:

Private tv has been beneficial by pushing the boundaries to be more successful . This shows what needs to happen.

5.6 RESOURCES:

List resources about ethic and facts given in the broadcasting process.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter exams what can make and define a the system. It’s about being a free organisation which could get many to benefit from it.

6.2 THE PROMISE OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMMING

Every country has experimented with programing, especially in places like: BBC and PBS which entertain and educate others. With that being said, their still needs to be a good mix between resources in it too.

6.3 PROFESSIONAL STATUS AND RIGHTS OF JOURNALISTS

Needs to have the greatest freedom given to the framework from the state. Codes is a valuable thing.

6.4 EDITORIAL GUIDELINES IN PROGRAMME PRODUCTION

to use their code of content practices their are a few guidelines.

6.4.1 CBA Editorial Guidelines:

Have freedom of speech
News should reflect facts only
Dont allow outside influences.

6.4.2 Producer’s Guidelines, RTHK (Hong Kong):

RTHK produced a code to help improve the account. If one doesn’t respect one's work one is breaking standards that need to be respected.

6.5 MAKING POLITICS TRANSPARENT: PARLIAMENTARY BROADCASTING

Broadcast is always the same to allow help in public awareness. It's an important way is their best fit.

6.5.1 New Zealand:

the service runs weekly at just over 2 hrs. They want their information out ther to people and give the best chance they can .

6.5.2 Australia:

ABC needs to broadcast things and the Senate meetings. In which the parliament committee decides what is broadcast and how coverage is taken.

6.5.3 Canada:

one's the best commonwealth to the broadcasts and debates. CBC has power to broad cast these things from being a licensee.

6.5.4 Denmark:

To show Parliament events. However they have TV2 which have a studio inside the parliament.

6.5.5 Britain:

In broadcasting, one should provide an account made by reports, as they are professional

6.5.6 India:

They will usually show people as the president for example or any import. They make that available as much as possible.

6.5.7 South Africa:

It's usually one channel which makes just over the population. It can also make this unavailable for other things.

6.5.8 Rules for Parliamentary Broadcasts:

It's all the different ways to broadcast and be accurate with everything.

6.6 MINORITY PROGRAMMING

to help ethnic and relgious minorities.

6.6.1 BBC Asian Network:

categories to serve the communities.

6.6.2 SBS Radio (Australia):

That does not say on how to broadcast to serve or make it a better minority community.

6.6.3 ‘Sleeplessness’ on Estonian Television:

is a popular platform to be broadcasting

6.6.4 ‘Meer van Anders’ Department (Netherlands):

How to make government to broadcast good information to people.

6.6.5 ‘Social Broadcaster’ (Poland):

Social broadcast that says how to be a good broadcaster which they can apply.

6.6.6 Maori Television (New Zealand):

to educate people about culture and that it's there.

6.7 CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMING

Pbs programming should not only educate, it should be entertaining while remaining factual.

6.7.1 Sesame Street (USA):

often combines the tv shows to make it factual while keeping it fun.

6

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Radio and television stand out as the most readily accessible Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for a significant portion of the global population, particularly in rural areas, where internet access and digital literacy might be limited. The digital era has ushered in a convergence of broadcasting, telecommunications, and computing, fundamentally reshaping broadcasting services. The expansion of media platforms has not been without its challenges. Commercial broadcasting, driven primarily by profit motives, often deviates from serving the public interest, focusing instead on entertainment and high-revenue content.

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is, therefore, more critical than ever. PSB is essential to protect and promote public interest values such as education, cultural preservation, and informed citizenship. In a broadcasting landscape that is often caught between state-controlled models, which are vulnerable to domination by ruling political elites, and commercial systems, which prioritize revenues over public service, the enhancement of PSB is the optimal path forward. Recent global developments have underscored the continuing relevance and importance of PSB in fostering democratic values and social cohesion. Marc Raboy highlights the following key aspects of the evolving broadcasting environment:

a) Channel Capacity Explosion and Disappearing Audio-Visual Borders: The advent of new technologies has led to an unprecedented increase in channel capacity, breaking down traditional geographical and regulatory barriers.

b) Disintegration of State Broadcasting and Democratization: The traditional state broadcasting model is giving way to more democratized systems that promote a diversity of voices and perspectives.

c) Increase in Market Broadcasting and Mixed Systems: Former public service monopolies are increasingly seeing the rise of market-driven broadcasting and mixed systems that combine public and commercial elements.

In light of these changes, PSB needs to adapt and innovate to remain relevant and effective. The goal of this document is to encourage and support public service broadcasting by addressing the challenges it faces and highlighting good practices and innovative models from around the world.

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING (PSB)

While there is no universally accepted 'gold standard' for PSB, certain core characteristics have gained broad validity. PSB models are specifically developed to counter the inherent weaknesses of both state-controlled and purely commercial broadcasting models. The public-service model directly addresses the public's mistrust of unchecked market mechanisms and skepticism of the State's ability to provide unbiased information, education, and entertainment.

THE ROLE OF PSB - BOX 1.1

PSB plays a pivotal role in facilitating access to and active participation in public life. It can be instrumental in promoting access to education and culture, thereby enriching society. Radio and television continue to be the most accessible ICTs, with radio maintaining its primary significance, particularly in developing countries. UNESCO is committed to supporting and promoting public broadcasting and preserving its content, which serves the interests of people as citizens rather than merely as consumers.

WHY PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IS IMPORTANT - BOX 1.2

Public broadcasting is essentially the public’s broadcasting organization, designed to serve and speak to everyone as a citizen. Public broadcasters are tasked with encouraging access to and participation in public life while also appealing to the imagination and providing entertainment. Public broadcasting must be daring, innovative, and willing to take risks to fulfill its mandate. When it succeeds, it can establish high standards and set the tone for other broadcasters in the industry. According to British author Anthony Smith, the British Broadcasting Corporation has been “probably the greatest of the instruments of social democracy of the century."

STATE-OWNED BROADCASTING SYSTEMS

It is crucial to distinguish State-owned broadcasting systems from PSB. State-owned broadcasting systems cannot be automatically referred to as PSB. There is a common misconception that PSB and State broadcasters are synonymous, partly because State broadcasting is often perceived to be more public service oriented when compared to purely commercial broadcasting. However, the key difference lies in the control and editorial independence.

ESSENCE OF PUBLIC BROADCASTING

Public broadcasting's fundamental reason for existence is public service. It is dedicated to encouraging access to and participation in public life, broadening horizons, and enabling people to better understand themselves and the world around them. It is accessible to all, regardless of their social or economic status, ensuring inclusivity. In addition to culture, PSB must also appeal to the imagination and provide entertainment, but with a commitment to quality that sets it apart from commercial broadcasting. Because it is not driven by profitability, public broadcasting must be daring, innovative, and willing to take risks in its programming.

GENUINE PSB

While state-controlled broadcasting systems may perform certain public service functions, their control by governments often prevents them from being genuinely identified as PSB. Similarly, community broadcasting, while valuable, does not replace public service broadcasting due to its typically narrower outlook and limited national scope. Key factors to consider when evaluating PSB include:

a) Universality: PSB should be accessible to every citizen, putting all citizens on the same footing regardless of location or socioeconomic status.

b) Diversity: PSB services should be diversified across genres, audiences, and subjects, reflecting the full range of public interests and needs.

c) Independence: A genuine PSB broadcaster must be independent, free from commercial or political influence, ensuring impartial and unbiased content.

d) Distinctiveness: PSB services must be distinguished from other broadcasting services through innovation and the creation of original content that serves the public interest.

DEFINING PSB - BOX 1.3

Some languages lack precise corresponding terms for ''public,'' often wrongly translating it into State. This linguistic barrier constitutes the first obstacle to a clear understanding of PSB, which is fundamentally different from state broadcasting.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE

The Council of Europe’s Independent Television Commission provides a detailed description of what constitutes a PSB channel:

UNESCO

UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, Dr. Abdul Waheed Khan, reflected that “only in the unrestricted pursuit of objective truth and in the free exchange of ideas and knowledge can we achieve international peace, understanding, and sustainable development." PSB should consistently demonstrate the ability to serve as a voice in society, guaranteeing equal access for a wide range of opinions and becoming a trendsetter in raising vital socio-political issues.

1.3 CALL TO ACTION—INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON PSB

Commercial programming often maximizes revenues through sensational content without regard for public interest or ethical standards. This prioritization of profit over public service threatens the quality of democracy, education, and citizens’ empowerment. To counter these trends, various international institutions and conferences have focused on improving PSB and encouraging its development separate from state control.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (IFJ)

The IFJ launched a worldwide campaign in 2001 to defend public service broadcasting, promoting public service values, editorial independence, and democratic systems of administration. The ‘Colombo Declaration’ recognized the critical need for strong unions of journalists and media workers to protect their rights and ensure journalistic integrity.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (EFJ)

The EFJ has called on politicians, public authorities, and civil society groups to unite in defense of public service broadcasting, which faces threats from trade liberalization and political manipulation. Key values are under threat of political and corporate interference. The EFJ addresses pressure on public finances and the liberalization of trade and notes that private media companies often seek to end all public funding for broadcasting.

1.3.1 Public Broadcasting for All Campaign:

The EFJ has urged political parties and national parliaments across Europe to adopt a Manifesto of Public Service Values, which includes:

1.3.2 European Commission Declaration on State Aid:

Member states retain the freedom to define the extent of public service and the methods through which it is financed and organized. The European Commission has called for transparency to assess the proportionality of State funding. It has reserved the right to intervene where a distortion of competition cannot be justified by public service needs. Public broadcasting is recognized as a service of general interest, but when it is funded by state resources, it is considered State Aid.

1.3.3 African Charter on Broadcasting:

UNESCO organized the Windhoek Conference “Ten Years On: Assessment, Challenges, and Prospects” from May 3–5, 2001. The conference declared that the legal framework for broadcasting should include principles underpinning broadcast regulation, including respect for freedom of expression, diversity, and the free flow of information. A Charter was proposed by the Southern African Broadcasting Association (SABA).

1.3.4 The Accra Declaration:

A conference on Public Service Broadcasting in West Africa made recommendations on the status and mandate of PSB organizations, the independence of regulatory bodies, the principle of editorial independence, and PSB’s obligation to ensure that the public receives adequate, unbiased information, particularly during elections.

1.3.5 Almaty Recommendations:

A seminar on public service broadcasting in the Central Asian republics considered PSB as a contribution to the development of democracy in Central Asia, providing a means to build an informal civil society that recognizes pluralism and the importance of national identity and culture. The seminar recommended ways to encourage and publicize the concept of public service broadcasting.

1.3.6 Bangkok Declaration:

The first Conference of the Ministers on Information and Broadcasting in Asia and the Pacific addressed the role of PSB, provided guidelines to government authorities on regulating PSB, and discussed the role of sponsorship in PSB.

1.3.7 Amman Declaration:

A Regional Workshop on “Public Service Broadcasting and the Civil Society in the Arab Region” facilitated the sharing of experiences and expertise to promote the concept of public service broadcasting. It adopted recommendations to encourage the development of PSBs in all countries of the region as an important element of society and of citizen participation in public life and sustainable democratic development.

1.3.8 AIBD Action:

The Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development has undertaken activities to promote PSB in the region. Training workshops and seminars have discussed the characteristics of public service broadcasting as a service that is owned, paid for, and controlled by the public. Managers are encouraged to examine the possibility of introducing a “Quality Certification Process.” Public service broadcasters should be guaranteed the right to adopt new and emerging communication technologies to enhance their services.

1.4 RESOURCES

This section lists various resources, including publications and website links, that provide additional information on public service broadcasting.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

PSB requires a strong commitment to good governance, human rights, and participatory citizenship. In an era characterized by information overload and misinformation, PSB should serve as a reliable reference point, providing citizens with accurate and unbiased information. It is essential to create a conducive environment for PSB and promote media literacy skills among the population. Broadcasting players have responsibilities that extend beyond their corporation’s objectives. Media literacy enhances the utilization of public space, enabling citizens to make informed decisions and engage effectively in public discourse. The value of PSB needs to be readily apparent in terms of citizenship, rather than obscured behind niche technology. This involves collaboration among all players to facilitate access for citizens and a regulatory regime that reinforces PSB’s civic remit, including electronic program guides, technology facilitating participation, informative program treatments, and comprehensive broadcast coverage.

2.2 IN A COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT - BEST PRACTICES FOR PSBS

Examples from India and the UK offer successful models for PSB in commercial environments, while Greece provides a cautionary tale, and Canada represents a middle path.

2.2.1 India: Consorting with Competitors

In 1995, Doordarshan (DD), India’s public broadcaster, partnered with CNN to carry its content, gaining access to Turner-owned material and securing dedicated programming. CNN later ended the deal. In 2000, Doordarshan signed a deal with Nine Gold. As a result, it benefited from improved transmission quality, access to cable operators, and increased commercial revenues. While this strategy increased Doordarshan’s appeal for urban middle-class voters, it inadvertently weakened its offerings for rural viewers, and educational programming suffered.

2.2.2 Two Aspects of the UK Experience

PSB thrives best in a market that avoids the extremes of over-competition and under-competition. The UK appears to have found a balanced middle ground. A significant factor in this success was the presence of at least one major PSB player that did not compete for funding with the commercial sector. This allowed it to focus on its public service mandate without being distracted by commercial pressures.

2.2.2.1 The BBC/ITV ‘Duopoly’:

The BBC, funded by public funds and taking no advertising, did not have its revenues threatened by commercial competition. When new commercial players were awarded franchises, they were also assigned PSB obligations, which spurred a revitalization of the BBC’s program offerings. The BBC’s secure funding ensured better performance of its PSB obligations, which, in turn, motivated other market players to make rival PSB-type program offers.

2.2.2.2 Channel Four:

Channel Four was specifically created to enrich PSB program choice from within the commercial system. Its programs were commissioned from independent producers and were funded from advertising revenue. Under CEOs Jeremy Isaacs, Michael Grade, and Michael Jackson, Channel Four achieved a 10% audience share in the highly competitive UK market by offering distinctive and high-quality PSB content.

2.2.3 Cowed by the Competition: The Greek experience

The entry of commercial players had adverse consequences on PSBs in Greece, which were made vulnerable by mixed funding models. The existing public broadcaster was relegated to a limited public-service sphere. Greek TV channels retained some documentary and children’s programming but found themselves trapped in a “vicious circle” of mixed funding. As audience numbers declined, advertisers became less interested, leading to reduced revenue and less attractive programs. Consequently, these channels retreated further into their PSB content core, unable to compete effectively with commercial offerings.

2.2.3.1 Greece’s ETV:

By 1991, commercial stations like Mega and Antenna had amassed 85.6% of television advertising revenue in Greece, significantly reducing the public channel's financial resources and driving them into a safe but limited public-service sphere.

2.2.4 The Middle Path to effective public service broadcasting – The Canadian story

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) took proactive steps in response to powerful market changes, such as the influx of United States programming. Its response reaffirmed the PSB mission statement from the 1968 legislation, which placed continued emphasis on minority needs and on programming in both English and French. The CBC and its commercial partners produced Canadian counterparts to popular American series and also sold programming to US networks. Additionally, the CBC seized export opportunities in English and French markets among the UK, Australia, France, and China.

2.2.4.1 Canada’s CBC:

In Canada, the PSB mission statement was reaffirmed, placing emphasis on minority needs and programming in both English and French. The CBC and its commercial partners produced Canadian counterparts to the American program series that had ‘invaded’ Canadian homes. The CBC also sold series to major US television networks, strengthening its financial base and its ability to continue fulfilling its public service mandate.

2.3 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT FOR BEST CONTENT COMMISSIONING PRACTICES

Making PSB airwaves accessible to independent production houses is essential to creating a favorable environment for PSB. Content from outside the PSB organization is a crucial criterion for ensuring diversity and innovation.

2.3.1 BBC Practice:

Regarding documentary texts, there are wide discrepancies in style and degree of detail chosen by different PSB players. In 1981, the BBC formalized the rules governing journalists and producers to ensure consistent quality and adherence to ethical standards.

2.3.2 Public Service Broadcasting Trust (India):

The PSBT, in partnership with the Prasar Bharati Corporation, the national publicly funded broadcaster, provides Doordarshan television with 52 public service documentary films each year. These films are produced by independent filmmakers. The PSBT develops international production standards that encourage creativity and follows two commissioning cycles each year. Additionally, the PSBT has completed documentary films on Ideas That Work, in partnership with the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances of the Government of India.

2.3.3 Local Content Commissioning Scheme (Singapore):

The Media Development Authority (MDA)'s LCCS aims to encourage the production of quality made-by-Singapore Television content for Singaporeans, with a view towards exporting the content, if suitable. The scheme provides local producers with the opportunity to produce TV content that is timely, relevant, and appealing to the local audience, fostering a vibrant local media industry.

2.4 INDEPENDENCE AND CREDIBILITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION DILEMMA

Independence from politicians and pressure groups is a strong asset for PSBs. The dilemma for broadcasters and society is that broadcasters may appear arrogant through their ability to resist and stand aside from external pressures. This introduces the need for representativeness, which is at the heart of the broadcasters’ credibility.

2.4.1 Guidelines for Implementing Independence:

PSB requires editorial and managerial independence, including freedom in programming, recruitment, and budgeting. These freedoms are often articulated in documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Articles 19 & 29) and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10).

2.4.2 Drafting the Constitutional/Institutional Specifics:

Key to achieving autonomy for PSB players is the separation of the public interest from political, commercial, or pressure-group interests, ensuring that decisions are made in the best interest of the public.

2.4.2.1 The Control Structure of German Broadcasting:

The control structure was designed to forestall any reversion to central control. It included guaranteed places for political parties, pressure groups, and associations on the broadcasting boards, ensuring a balanced and representative oversight.

2.4.2.2 Drafting for Media Independence in Africa —Nigerian and South African Comparisons:

In Nigeria, the process for allocating initial licenses to private broadcasters has often been secretive. To counter this, decision-makers and implementers should adhere to a clear statement of principles and best practices, such as the Windhoek Charter. Best practices require transparency around how broadcasting institutions are constituted and in appointment procedures, as well as around processes for companies in the broadcasting field.

2.5 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT: TRANSPARENCY ISSUES

Efforts should focus on devising institutions that deliver a “mix” of objectives. The PSB ecology will require facilitating the emergence of sustainable PSB-type broadcasting organizations and constructing a framework of accountability and regulation in which those PSB-type players can conduct the business of serving audience needs effectively and transparently.

2.6 SETTING NEW INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING STANDARDS: AN EVALUATION PROCESS

The Geneva-based Media and Society Foundation has conducted audits of PSBs for the ISAS BC 9001 standard, measuring the degree to which they meet criteria such as viewer satisfaction, accuracy of information, ethical rules, universal access, and social relevance.

2.7 RESOURCES

This section lists further publications and websites related to this chapter, providing additional resources for those interested in exploring the topic further.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Regulation of public service broadcasting is a complex endeavor, particularly when considering the global technological and economic challenges that impact media landscapes. Effective regulation must balance the need for autonomy and creative freedom with the necessity of accountability and public service.

3.2 MODEL LAW FOR PSBS

Legislation must protect and nurture PSB, ensuring its sustainability and relevance. Representatives of the public should guide the broadcasting organization and create institutions in which citizens can play an active role. Dr. Wolfgang Rumphorst has developed a model law for PSB, which includes articles addressing objectives and organizational scope, programming strategy, access to information and confidentiality of journalistic sources, right of reply, organs of the organizations, legal supervision, and transition provisions.

3.3 NATIONAL LAWS AND PSB MODELS

Professor Jane Mooney has identified three organizational models of PSB:

3.3.1 United Kingdom:

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was founded in 1926 under a Royal Charter, which is drafted by the Secretary of State for National Heritage. A Licence Agreement specifies the governance and public service obligations, including the operation of two terrestrial television channels and five sound program services. It also specifies a range of duties for the Home Services. The BBC is also responsible for the World Service, providing international broadcasting. Under the Charter, the BBC Home Services has the exclusive right to collect the Licence Revenue, which is a primary source of funding.

3.3.2 Japan:

NHK was re-established under the Broadcast Law as the people’s station, emphasizing its role as a public broadcaster. A key feature of the Broadcast Law is the careful guarantee of NHK’s independence. One of the key elements of this law is the Receiving Fee System, which protects NHK’s financial independence. The Broadcast Law ensures NHK’s independence of programming and obligates broadcasters to set up consultative committees to ensure that programs meet established standards.

3.3.3 Australia:

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is governed through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act of 1983. The Act also sets out the Charter for the ABC. In section 78, the powers of Ministers to give directions to the Corporation in the national interest are clearly defined.

3.3.4 India:

The Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act of 1990 charters the direction of PSB in India. Section 12 spells out the functions and powers of the Corporation. The Corporation is guided by the objectives of upholding the Constitution, safeguarding citizens' welfare, and serving communities.

3.3.5 France:

Public service broadcasting is undertaken by different public companies established by the 1986 Law relating to freedom of communication. The main regulatory body, the Conseil Superior de l’Audiovisuel (CSA), is an independent statutory body, and laws governing broadcasting are subject to Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. National programming companies contribute to French language and culture and have the same status. Three bodies exercise regulatory authority: parliament, government, and CSA. Parliament sets the rate of the license fee each year, providing a stable source of funding.

3.3.6 Canada:

Broadcasting is a matter of federal jurisdiction in Canada. The regulatory regime is the 1991 Broadcasting Act, which defines philosophies. The public service mandate of the CBC is set out at Section 3(1) and (m) of the BA, guaranteeing journalistic, creative, and programming independence.

3.4 COMPATIBILITY OF PSB AND COMMERCIAL MEDIA

The relationship between PSB and commercial media has evolved significantly over the years. The European Union recognizes that public broadcasting must respect the rules of a market economy, promoting healthy development for both sectors. This involves fair competition and transparency in operations.

3.5 EUROPEAN UNION PROTOCOL ON PUBLIC BROADCASTING

CONSIDERING that the system of public broadcasting in the Member States is directly related to the democratic, social, and cultural needs of each society and to the need to preserve media pluralism; the Member States HAVE AGREED UPON the article that they retain the right to provide for funding of public service broadcasting.

3.6 EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE JUDGEMENT ON PSB

PSB should adhere to transparency requirements, its mandate should be clearly specified, and an independent regulator should oversee its performance. Governments should avoid stifling New Media to ensure a diverse and competitive media landscape.

3.7 NATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF PSB

A study of the national experiences of PSB is invaluable in identifying models of good practice and learning from different approaches to public service broadcasting.

3.7.1 Mission and Objectives of PSB:

The missions and objectives of PSB are broad, encompassing areas such as information, education, and entertainment. In the UK, the BBC uses these three pillars to guide its programming. Japan emphasizes the importance of high-quality programming that serves the public interest.

3.7.2 Structures and Mechanisms of Governance:

In the United Kingdom, the BBC has been constituted as a largely autonomous legal entity, ensuring its independence from political interference. France, on the other hand, has established six national programming companies to provide diverse content. The governance structures are broadly representative of society to prevent undue influence by any particular political constituency or interest group.

3.7.3 Funding Mechanisms of PSBs:

Funding mechanisms for PSBs vary widely. In the United Kingdom, a substantial proportion of revenue comes from license fees paid by television owners. In Australia, the government provides grants to support public broadcasting. In South Africa, public broadcasters rely largely on advertising and commercial activities for their revenue. Japan receives as much as 98% of its income from license fees, ensuring a stable and predictable funding source.

3.7.4 Regulatory Oversight of PSB

Regulatory oversight of PSB also differs across countries. In the UK, the oversight function is performed by three National Broadcasting Councils. In Japan, oversight is carried out through a Consultative Organization, which is concerned with the quality and service of programming. A statutory body, the Conseil Superieur d’Audiovisuel (CSA), is the main regulatory authority in France. In South Africa, regulatory jurisdiction is exercised by both the Minister of Communications and an Independent Broadcasting Authority established by statute.

3.8 CONCLUSION

Guarantees on freedom of expression and of the media within national legal systems provide a solid starting point for effective PSB. Sufficient thought must be given to ensuring that public service broadcasters are adequately funded and that the system as a whole is accountable to the public, promoting transparency and trust.

3.9 RESOURCES

This section provides a list of websites and publications that offer additional resources for examining various aspects of public service broadcasting.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter examines best practices related to building citizen’s participation in public service broadcasting. Engaging citizens in the production, management, and oversight of PSB can enhance its relevance, credibility, and effectiveness.

4.2 DEFINITION OF CITIZEN’S PARTICIPATION AND UNESCO’S ACTION

PSBs that make a genuine attempt to engage in dialogue with their audience are more likely to gain a greater understanding of what the audience members and the general public consider important program areas and types. Dialogue with the audience is crucial to consult, to determine the values and priorities of citizens and society, and to avoid the station automatically assuming it knows their values. This inclusive approach helps ensure that PSB content is relevant, responsive, and reflective of community needs.

WORLD SUMMIT ON THE INFORMATION SOCIETY (WSIS)

Expressed a common desire to build a “people-centered, inclusive, and development-orientated Information Society” in which citizens can create, access, utilize, and share information and knowledge. UNESCO has been committed to fostering citizens’ media and dialogue between media, particularly broadcasters, and civil society groups, promoting media literacy and citizen empowerment.

4.3 PUBLIC BROADCASTING MONITORING BODIES

Both the content and processes of public service broadcasting must be monitored by independent bodies to provide feedback to the PSB and ensure accountability. Examples of such monitoring bodies include:

FRIENDS of Canadian Broadcasting, an independent organization dedicated to supporting and promoting Canadian content.

Voice of the Listener & Viewer (Britain), a non-profit association advocating for high-quality broadcasting.

Friends of the ABC (Australia), a citizen’s lobby group that supports the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Citizen’s Media Commission (CMC) of Pakistan, a coalition of citizens working to promote responsible media.

Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting (USA), a membership organization advocating for independent and non-commercial broadcasting.

4.4 GIVING A VOICE TO THE PEOPLE

The public should be accorded an important role in PSB. Citizens should be encouraged to get involved in programming, and PSB journalists and producers must incorporate people’s perspectives, involving local communities in programming. The
Mukyamantri tho Mukhamukhi’ (Face to face with the Chief Minister) television program in India was a successful example of this approach.

4.4.1 Mukyamantri tho Mukhamukhi’ (India):

This question and answer session was broadcast live, with the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh answering questions from viewers every week. Viewers would typically call in with their problems and/or complain about the inaction of bureaucrats in their case, and the Chief Minister would act on it immediately. By giving the public the ability to engage in debates with the government. This prompted positive action and increased government accountability.

4.4.2 ‘Natang Sangkhom’ (Thailand):

A new radio program was launched to provide a platform for citizens to lodge complaints or air their views. The program consisted of two parts: a talk-back session followed by a drama addressing social issues raised during the talk-back session.

4.4.3 C-SPAN (United States):

Created by the TV industry, C-SPAN provides elected and other 'public' officials with a direct channel to reach audiences. This allows for unfiltered communication and greater transparency in government operations.

4.4.4 Talk-Back with the President (Sri Lanka):

Sri Lanka implemented a new talk-back show with the President, allowing listeners to call in and ask questions directly. This initiative aimed to enhance citizen engagement and government accountability.

4.5 FACILITATING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PSB

Public participation in the management of PSB can be judged through processes or by creating specific opportunities for people to get involved. Participation could occur without legislation, but through defined processes. Regulations for PSBs must minimize political or commercial interference, including excluding:

Employees of the civil service or government.

Employees or office bearers of political parties.

Office bearers, shareholders, or those with interests in the telecommunication industry.

4.5.1 Broadcasting Councils (Germany):

The Broadcasting Councils of German PSB typically have a membership ranging from 11 to 66 people, delegated by members of churches, unions, political parties, and other organizations, ensuring a broad representation of society in the governance of PSB.

4.6 ADVISORY BODIES TO MAKE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION MORE INCLUSIVE

Advisory bodies can assist the broadcaster in monitoring programming standards, creating access criteria, and allocating broadcast times, enhancing the relevance and responsiveness of PSB to community needs.

4.6.1 Broadcasting Committee (Kenya):

The Broadcasting Committee scheduled participating churches for broadcast programs and determined which churches were to produce programs, following clear guidelines to ensure fair representation and quality content.

4.7 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAMMING

Additional feedback mechanisms promote maintenance in programming, ensuring its relevance, quality, and accuracy.

4.7.1 NHK’s Quality Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

NHK commissions research by assessing social, political, and historical contexts to better meet the needs of the public. Values are obtained dependent on other factors, such as age and gender, through a public assessment process for the review, thereby allowing people’s participation in shaping programming content.

4.7.2 The Canadian Experience in Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

The CBC consults with the public on the role of PSB. They seek to maintain Canadian interests and values with clear objectives and by emphasizing service needs. The CBC also examines programming quality and self-regulates in accordance with the laws. They became aware through children's programming that large amounts of content are viewed, even though advertising isn't profitable for children’s content.

4.7.3 Ofcom’s PSB Study: Measuring the Value Produced by PSB:

ITV measures cost, production, and advertisement metrics to calculate the annual costs associated with programs and obligations, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the value generated by PSB.

4.8 DEVELOPING PROGRAMMES TO FACILITATE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION

It is also important to develop training programs for PSB production staff and incorporate the views of people in production, ensuring diverse perspectives and community engagement.

4.8.1 Vox Populi (Australia):

SBS television introduced a magazine program to give non-Anglo people a chance to participate, with live recordings and journalist roles that were unbiased. The show eventually became the highest-rated news program, demonstrating the value of inclusive broadcasting.

4.8.2 Radio Listening Clubs (Malawi):

The Development Broadcasting Unit (DBU) facilitates participation in development radio in rural Malawi, enabling communities to discuss and address local issues through radio programming.

4.8.3 DTR Radio Listening Clubs (Zambia):

Radio facilitates development by having clubs discuss or request development initiatives, which are then sent to radio personnel who create a show that is broadcast, promoting community-driven development.

4.9 HOW TO MAKE A COMPLAINT: PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO QUESTION ‘BAD PRACTICES’ OF PSBS

It is important to examine models for handling complaints against PSBs. One such model is the use of an Ombudsman, who provides an independent channel for addressing public concerns.

4.9.1 Ombudsman (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation):

The Ombudsman reports directly to the President and acts in accordance with established standards to address violations and ensure accountability.

4.9.2 Ombudsman (National Public Radio—USA):

The Ombudsman provides a channel to direct complaints and addresses these complaints, ensuring that public concerns are heard and addressed.

4.9.3 Independent Complaints Review Panel (Australian Broadcasting Corporation):

Facilitates independent review of complaints on the ABC Board, ensuring that complaints of bias or other issues are thoroughly investigated and addressed.

4.10 RESOURCES

This section lists organizations, publications, and websites that offer additional resources on citizen participation in PSB.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Public service broadcasting (PSB) provides a crucial platform for the scrutiny of public affairs, underpinned by the fundamental right to freedom of speech. The protection of individual rights must be central, ensuring that these freedoms are both accessible and unconstrained. This section examines the regulations, codes, and agreements that support independence at the national level. Additionally, it references international press websites that articulate the ethics of professional journalism.

5.2 REGULATING AND CODES OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Regulation in this context is not primarily about stringent enforcement; instead, codes of professional practice serve as guiding principles, intending to shape ethical conduct and practices within PSB organizations.

5.2.1 Editorial Code of the South African Broadcasting Corporation:

This code affirms a commitment to ethical reporting, emphasizing impartiality and accuracy. It explicitly prohibits discrimination and prioritizes editorial integrity over commercial gain, ensuring that journalistic content is not compromised

5.2.2 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Codes of Standards and Practices:

This policy is designed to ensure that the airwaves are used in a manner that reflects the public interest, protecting diverse points of view and ensuring broad representation. The policy should also emphasize transparency in its financial dealings and in its programming decisions, which promotes creditworthiness and public trust. This includes clear and accessible reporting on funding sources, expenditures, and decision-making processes.

5.2.3 Radio France International Code of Ethics:

Accuracy in information is paramount, regardless of the pressure to deliver news quickly. This code emphasizes the necessity of verifying facts and sources meticulously, even under tight deadlines. Respect for the meaning and context of documents and sources is critical to prevent misinterpretation and distortion of the truth. Journalists must ensure that the original intent and significance of materials are preserved in their reporting.

5.2.4 Swedish Code of Ethics:

Journalistic material must be distinct from commercial endorsements. This code strictly prohibits using journalistic content to promote sales or products directly. Editors and journalists should avoid mixing commercial interests with editorial content, maintaining a clear separation to preserve impartiality and credibility. Content should remain factual, avoiding any form of promotional or marketing influence.

5.3 INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE FOR PSB-STYLE MEDIA

International declarations serve as guiding standards, influencing human rights, resolutions from UNESCO, and decisions from international forums. These declarations provide guidelines that help shape the ethical and professional standards of public service broadcasting worldwide.

5.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the freedom to receive and impart information, regardless of country. This principle is fundamental to ensuring that people have access to diverse sources of information and can freely express their opinions without fear of censorship or retribution.

5.3.2 Inter-governmental Declarations:

The UNESCO-sponsored Declaration of Alma Ata in 1992 urged the development of public broadcasters, emphasizing the importance of media pluralism. The resolution by the council underlines that media pluralism is essential for fostering diverse voices and perspectives in broadcasting, with one organization typically designated in each country to promote these values.

5.3.3 Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe:

Recommendations from the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe focus on providing guarantees for the freedom of broadcasters. These guarantees include protection against arbitrary dismissal, ensuring editorial independence in programming, and shielding broadcasters from undue political or commercial influence.

5.3.4 Declarations of UNESCO/UNDPI Seminars:

These declarations emphasize the need for media independence, which is seen as crucial for ensuring that media organizations can operate without undue influence or coercion. Promoting and safeguarding this independence is a recurring theme.

5.3.5 Judicial Interpretations:

The right to judicial interpretations is important in the international support of PSB. Courts play a crucial role in upholding media freedoms and ensuring that legal frameworks support the independence and integrity of public service broadcasting.

5.4 PROTECTING PSB IN THE MARKET PLACE:

PLURALISM AND BEST PRACTICE Protecting PSB involves managing the interaction between cultural values and market competition. The quality of PSB organizations is essential to demonstrate their value to the public, particularly in competitive environments where market forces can challenge their mission. PSBs need to adapt to remain relevant and effective.

5.4.1 Denmark:

In Denmark, all satellite and cable packages are required to carry Radio and TV2, ensuring widespread access to these government services. This mandate ensures that public broadcasting remains accessible to the population, regardless of their choice of media provider.

5.4.2 Germany:

In Germany, the two major PSBs are required to provide access and assistance to other stations that need and want help. This collaborative approach ensures that resources and expertise are shared, supporting a diverse and resilient media landscape.

5.5 PROTECTING PSB VALUES IN THE MARKET PLACE: ENCOURAGING PRIVATE PSB-STYLE MEDIA

Protecting PSB values involves recognizing the role that private media can play in promoting public service ideals. Encouraging private media to adopt PSB-style practices can enhance the overall quality of the media environment, even though the relationship might seem unconventional. This approach helps to improve PSB's performance by creating a more competitive and innovative environment.

5.5.1 NDTV: India:

NDTV operates 24-hour news channels and uses systems to motivate voting and engage citizens, helping to take its business to the people. As a responsible news broadcaster, NDTV educates the public on important issues, contributing to a more informed and engaged citizenry.

5.5.2 Sirasa Radio: Sri Lanka:

Private TV in Sri Lanka has been beneficial by pushing boundaries and achieving greater success. This demonstrates the potential for private media to adopt PSB values and contribute to the public good.

5.6 RESOURCES:

This section lists resources about ethics and facts in the broadcasting process, providing references for further information and guidance.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter examines the factors that define a public service broadcasting system. It emphasizes the importance of being a free organization that benefits many people.

6.2 THE PROMISE OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMMING

Every country has experimented with programming, particularly with institutions like the BBC and PBS, which focus on entertaining while educating. A balanced mix of resources is essential to achieve these goals.

6.3 PROFESSIONAL STATUS AND RIGHTS OF JOURNALISTS

It is important that journalists have the greatest freedom given to the framework from the state, and codes of conduct are valuable.

6.4 EDITORIAL GUIDELINES IN PROGRAMME PRODUCTION

Several editorial guidelines support code of content practices.

6.4.1 CBA Editorial Guidelines:

The CBA (Commonwealth Broadcasting Association) provides guidelines:

Freedom of speech

News should reflect facts only

No outside influences

6.4.2 Producer’s Guidelines, RTHK (Hong Kong):

RTHK produced a code to help improve the account. If one doesn’t respect one's work, one is breaking standards that need to be respected.

6.5 MAKING POLITICS TRANSPARENT: PARLIAMENTARY BROADCASTING

Broadcasting is always the same to allow help in public awareness. It's an important way and their best fit.

6.5.1 New Zealand:

The service runs weekly at just over 2 hours, aiming to disseminate information and provide the best possible access to it.

6.5.2 Australia:

The ABC is required to broadcast Senate meetings. The parliament committee decides what is broadcast and how coverage is taken.

6.5.3 Canada:

Canada is a leading Commonwealth nation in broadcasting debates. The CBC, as a licensee, has the power to broadcast these proceedings.

6.5.4 Denmark:

Denmark shows Parliament events, with TV2 having a studio inside the parliament.

6.5.5 Britain:

In broadcasting, one should provide an account made by reporters, as they are professional.

6.5.6 India:

India typically showcases key figures such as the President and other important individuals, making this content widely available.

6.5.7 South Africa:

South Africa usually has one channel that reaches just over the population, which can sometimes limit the availability of other content.

6.5.8 Rules for Parliamentary Broadcasts:

Rules outline the ways to broadcast and maintain accuracy in parliamentary coverage.

6.6 MINORITY PROGRAMMING

Supports programming for ethnic and religious minorities.

6.6.1 BBC Asian Network:

Provides categories to serve diverse communities.

6.6.2 SBS Radio (Australia):

This section does not specify how to broadcast to serve or improve minority communities.

6.6.3 ‘Sleeplessness’ on Estonian Television:

is a popular platform for broadcasting minority content.

6.6.4 ‘Meer van Anders’ Department (Netherlands):

Focuses on how to ensure government disseminates good information to the people.

6.6.5 ‘Social Broadcaster’ (Poland):

Offers guidance on how to be a good broadcaster, which they can apply to social programming.

6.6.6 Maori Television (New Zealand):

Aims to educate people about Maori culture and ensure its visibility.

___________________________________________________________________________

1.1 INTRODUCTION

• Key Point: PSB ensures public interest values (education, culture, citizenship) are protected amidst commercial pressures.

  • Don't Forget: Commercial broadcasting often prioritizes profit over public service.

• Marc Raboy's Aspects:

  • Channel capacity explosion.

  • Democratization.

  • Increase in market broadcasting.

• Goal: Encourage PSB by addressing challenges and highlighting good practices.

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING (PSB)

• Key Point: PSB counters weaknesses of state-controlled and commercial models.

  • Don't Forget: Addresses mistrust of market mechanisms and the State's ability to inform, educate, and entertain.

THE ROLE OF PSB - BOX 1.1

• Key Point: Provides access to and participation in public life, promoting education and culture.

  • Don't Forget: Radio and television remain the most available ICTs.

WHY PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IS IMPORTANT - BOX 1.2

• Key Point: Serves everyone as a citizen, encouraging access to and participation in public life.

  • Don't Forget: Must be daring, innovative, and take risks to set high standards.

STATE-OWNED BROADCASTING SYSTEMS

• Key Point: State-owned broadcasting systems ≠ PSB.

  • Don't Forget: Control and editorial independence are key differences.

ESSENCE OF PUBLIC BROADCASTING

• Key Point: Public service is the only reason to exist, broadening horizons and enabling understanding.

  • Don't Forget: Accessible to all, regardless of status; must appeal to imagination and entertain with quality.

GENUINE PSB

• Key Point: State-controlled systems, while performing public service functions, are not genuine PSB.

  • Don't Forget: Community broadcasting does not replace PSB due to narrower outlook.

• Factors to Consider:

  • Universality: Accessible to every citizen.

  • Diversity: Diversified in genres, audiences, subjects.

  • Independence: Free from commercial/political influence.

  • Distinctiveness: Distinguished from other broadcasting services.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE

• Key Point: PSB channel characteristics (wide range of programs, high quality, cultural consideration, etc.).

  • Don't Forget: Independence and impartiality are crucial.

UNESCO

• Key Point: PSB should guarantee equal access for opinions and raise vital socio-political issues.

  • Don't Forget: Unrestricted pursuit of objective truth.

1.3 CALL TO ACTION—INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON PSB

• Key Point: Improve PSB and encourage development away from state control.

  • Don't Forget: Commercial programming maximizes revenues without respect for public interest.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (IFJ)

• Key Point: Defend PSB, promote public service values, editorial independence, democratic systems.

  • Don't Forget: Need for strong unions of journalists.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS (EFJ)

• Key Point: Unite in defence of PSB against threats from trade liberalisation and political manipulation.

  • Don't Forget: Key values are under threat.

1.3.1 Public Broadcasting for All Campaign:

• Key Point: Manifesto of Public Service Values (access, pluralism, ownership, funding, fairness).

  • Don't Forget: Access for all and funding that guarantees freedom.

1.3.2 European Commission Declaration on State Aid:

• Key Point: Transparency to assess proportionality of State funding.

  • Don't Forget: Public broadcasting is a service of general interest but is State Aid when funded by state resources.

1.3.3 African Charter on Broadcasting:

• Key Point: Legal framework should include principles underpinning broadcast regulation.

  • Don't Forget: Respect for freedom of expression, diversity, and free flow of information.

1.3.4 The Accra Declaration:

• Key Point: Recommendations on PSB organizations, regulatory bodies, editorial independence.

  • Don't Forget: Ensure public receives unbiased information, especially during elections.

1.3.5 Almaty Recommendations:

• Key Point: PSB as contribution to democracy in Central Asia.

  • Don't Forget: Recognizes pluralism, national identity, and culture.

1.3.6 Bangkok Declaration:

• Key Point: Role of PSB, guidelines to government authorities, role of sponsorship.

1.3.7 Amman Declaration:

• Key Point: Promote PSB development in Arab region.

  • Don't Forget: Citizen participation in public life and sustainable democratic development.

1.3.8 AIBD Action:

• Key Point: Promote PSB in Asia Pacific region.

  • Don't Forget: Right to adopt new communication technologies.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

• Key Point: PSB requires good governance, human rights, and participatory citizenship.

  • Don't Forget: Serve as a reference point in information overload.

2.2 IN A COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT - BEST PRACTICES FOR PSBS

• Key Point: India and UK provide successful examples, Greece is negative, and Canada is middle path.

2.2.1 India: Consorting with Competitors

• Key Point: Doordarshan's deals with CNN and Nine Gold.

  • Don't Forget: Weakened offer for rural viewers; educational programming suffered.

2.2.2 Two Aspects of the UK Experience

• Key Point: Market neither over-competitive nor under-competitive.

  • Don't Forget: Presence of major PSB player not competing for funding.

2.2.2.1 The BBC/ITV ‘Duopoly’:

• Key Point: BBC took no advertising and relied on public funds.

  • Don't Forget: Secure funding made for better PSB performance.

2.2.2.2 Channel Four:

• Key Point: Designed to enrich PSB programme choice from within commercial system.

  • Don't Forget: Funded from advertising.

2.2.3 Cowed by the Competition: The Greek experience

• Key Point: Mixed funding made PSBs vulnerable.

  • Don't Forget: Audience decline made advertisers less interested.

2.2.3.1 Greece’s ETV:

• Key Point: Commercial stations amassed large share of television advertising.

  • Don't Forget: Reduced public channel share.

2.2.4 The Middle Path to effective public service broadcasting – The Canadian story

• Key Point: CBC took positive steps in reaction to market changes.

  • Don't Forget: Emphasis on minority needs and programming in English and French.

2.3 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT FOR BEST CONTENT COMMISSIONING PRACTICES

• Key Point: Accessible to independent production houses.

  • Don't Forget: Content from outside the PSB organisation is crucial.

2.3.1 BBC Practice:

• Key Point: Formalized rules governing journalists and producers.

2.3.2 Public Service Broadcasting Trust (India):

• Key Point: Independent film makers provide documentaries for Doordarshan.

2.3.3 Local Content Commissioning Scheme (Singapore):

• Key Point: Encourage production of quality made-by-Singapore TV content.

2.4 INDEPENDENCE AND CREDIBILITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION DILEMMA

• Key Point: Independence from politicians and pressure groups.

  • Don't Forget: Broadcasters may seem arrogant but independence is important!

2.4.1 Guidelines for Implementing Independence:

• Key Point: Editorial and managerial independence.

  • Don't Forget: Freedom in programming, recruitment, and budgeting.

2.4.2 Drafting the Constitutional/Institutional Specifics:

• Key Point: Autonomy achieved by separation of public interest from other interests.

2.4.2.1 The Control Structure of German Broadcasting:

• Key Point: Guaranteed places for political sides, pressure groups, and associations.

2.4.2.2 Drafting for Media Independence in Africa —Nigerian and South African Comparisons:

• Key Point: Transparency around broadcasting institutions and appointment procedures.

  • Don't Forget: Decision-makers should follow the Windhoek Charter.

2.5 CREATING THE ENVIRONMENT: TRANSPARENCY ISSUES

• Key Point: Institutions delivering a “mix” of objectives.

  • Don't Forget: Framework of accountability and regulation.

2.6 SETTING NEW INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING STANDARDS: AN EVALUATION PROCESS

• Key Point: Audits of PSBs for ISAS BC 9001 standard.

  • Don't Forget: Measures viewer satisfaction, accuracy, ethics, access, and social relevance.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

• Key Point: Regulation is complex due to global challenges.

3.2 MODEL LAW FOR PSBS

• Key Point: Legislation must protect and nurture PSB.

  • Don't Forget: Representatives of the public should guide the organization.

3.3 NATIONAL LAWS AND PSB MODELS

• Key Point: Organizational models of PSB.

3.3.1 United Kingdom:

• Key Point: BBC governance under Royal Charter and Licence Agreement.

  • Don't Forget: BBC Home Services has exclusive right to collect Licence Revenue.

3.3.2 Japan:

• Key Point: NHK re-established under Broadcast Law, guaranteeing independence.

  • Don't Forget: Receiving Fee System protects financial independence.

3.3.3 Australia:

• Key Point: ABC governed through Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act of 1983.

  • Don't Forget: Act sets out the Charter for the ABC.

3.3.4 India:

• Key Point: Prasar Bharati Act of 1990 charters PSB in India.

  • Don't Forget: Corporation guided by objectives of upholding Constitution and safeguarding citizens' welfare.

3.3.5 France:

• Key Point: Public service broadcasting by public companies under 1986 Law.

  • Don't Forget: Conseil Superior de l’Audiovisuel (CSA) is the main regulatory body.

3.3.6 Canada:

• Key Point: Broadcasting is federal jurisdiction; 1991 Broadcasting Act is the regulatory regime.

3.4 COMPATIBILITY OF PSB AND COMMERCIAL MEDIA

• Key Point: EU accepts PSB must respect market economy rules.

  • Don't Forget: Promotes healthy development of both.

3.5 EUROPEAN UNION PROTOCOL ON PUBLIC BROADCASTING

• Key Point: Member States retain right to fund PSB.

3.6 EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE JUDGEMENT ON PSB

• Key Point: PSB should adhere to transparency, have specified mandate, and independent regulator.

3.7 NATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF PSB

• Key Point: Useful in identifying models of good practices.

3.7.1 Mission and Objectives of PSB:

• Key Point: Broad (information, education, entertainment).

  • Don't Forget: Japan requires high-quality programming.

3.7.2 Structures and Mechanisms of Governance:

• Key Point: Largely autonomous legal entity vs. national programming companies.

3.7.3 Funding Mechanisms of PSBs:

• Key Point: Licence fees, government grants, advertising.

  • Don't Forget: Japan heavily relies on licence fees.

3.7.4 Regulatory Oversight of PSB

• Key Point: National Broadcasting Councils, Consultative Organisation, statutory body.

3.8 CONCLUSION

• Key Point: Guarantees on freedom of expression and media are good starting point.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

• Key Point: Best practices for building citizen’s participation.

4.2 DEFINITION OF CITIZEN’S PARTICIPATION AND UNESCO’S ACTION

• Key Point: Dialogue with audience is important.

  • Don't Forget: Consult to determine values and priorities of citizens.

WORLD SUMMIT ON THE INFORMATION SOCIETY (WSIS)

• Key Point: Build a “people-centered, inclusive, and development-orientated Information Society”.

4.3 PUBLIC BROADCASTING MONITORING BODIES

• Key Point: Monitoring bodies provide feedback to PSB.

4.4 GIVING A VOICE TO THE PEOPLE

• Key Point: Public should be involved in programming.

  • Don't Forget: Journalists must incorporate people’s perspectives.

4.4.1 Mukyamantri tho Mukhamukhi’ (India):

• Key Point: Live Q&A with Chief Minister; prompted positive action.

4.4.2 ‘Natang Sangkhom’ (Thailand):

• Key Point: Radio program for complaints and views.

4.4.3 C-SPAN (United States):

• Key Point: Direct channel for officials to reach audiences.

4.4.4 Talk-Back with the President (Sri Lanka):

• Key Point: Talk-back show with President taking calls.

4.5 FACILITATING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PSB

• Key Point: Minimize political or commercial interference.

  • Don't Forget: Exclude certain individuals from participation.

4.5.1 Broadcasting Councils (Germany):

• Key Point: Membership delegating diverse groups.

4.6 ADVISORY BODIES TO MAKE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION MORE INCLUSIVE

• Key Point: Advisory bodies help in monitoring programming standards.

4.6.1 Broadcasting Committee (Kenya):

• Key Point: Scheduled participating churches for broadcast programs.

4.7 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAMMING

• Key Point: Promote maintenance in programming.

  • Don't Forget: Relevance, quality, and accuracy are made.

4.7.1 NHK’s Quality Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

• Key Point: Research assesses social, political, and historical contexts.

4.7.2 The Canadian Experience in Assessment of Broadcast Programming:

• Key Point: Consult with public; maintain Canadian interests and values.

4.7.3 Ofcom’s PSB Study: Measuring the Value Produced by PSB:

• Key Point: ITV measures cost, production, and advertisement.

4.8 DEVELOPING PROGRAMMES TO FACILITATE PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION

• Key Point: Develop training programs and incorporate views of people.

4.8.1 Vox Populi (Australia):

• Key Point: Gave non-Anglo people a chance to participate.

4.8.2 Radio Listening Clubs (Malawi):

• Key Point: Facilitate participation to development radio.

4.8.3 DTR Radio Listening Clubs (Zambia):

• Key Point: Radio facilitates development.

4.9 HOW TO MAKE A COMPLAINT: PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO QUESTION ‘BAD PRACTICES’ OF PSBS

• Key Point: Important to look at models for making complaints.

4.9.1 Ombudsman (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation):

• Key Point: Reports directly to the president; acts in accordance with standards.

4.9.2 Ombudsman (National Public Radio—USA):

• Key Point: Provides a channel to direct complaints.

4.9.3 Independent Complaints Review Panel (Australian Broadcasting Corporation):

• Key Point: Facilitates independent review of complaints on the ABC Board.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

-Key Point:: PSB scrutinizes public affairs with freedom of speech.
-Don't Forget Protection must be free and individual

5.2 REGULATING AND CODES OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

-Key Point: Codes are intended practices not applications.

5.2.1 Editorial Code of the South African Broadcasting Corporation:

-Key Point:Affirms ethical commitment consists of not discriminating and fact reporting.
-Don't Forget: Don't allow commercial gain rather than editorial process

5.2.2 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Codes of Standards and Practices:

• Key Point: Protects diverse points of view and ensures transparency.

  • Don't Forget: Promotes creditworthiness and public trust.

5.2.3 Radio France International Code of Ethics:

• Key Point: Check accuracy of information and respect meaning/documents.

  • Don't Forget: Important even under pressure.

5.2.4 Swedish Code of Ethics:

• Key Point: Avoid endorsing sales and keep material factual.

  • Don't Forget: Don't include commercial things in editorial.

5.3 INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE FOR PSB

• Key Point: Set standards using declarations, including human rights.

5.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

• Key Point: Freedom to receive and impart information.

  • Don't Forget: Applies regardless of country.

5.3.2 Inter-governmental Declarations:

• Key Point: Declaration of Alma Ata urges to develop public broadcasters.

  • Don't Forget: Media pluralism is important.

5.3.3 Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe:

• Key Point: Guarantees for broadcaster freedom such as dismissal and programming.

  • Don't Forget: Broadcasters should be shielded.

5.3.4 Declarations of UNESCO/UNDPI Seminars:

• Key Point: Emphasis on the need for media independence.

5.3.5 Judicial Interpretations:

• Key Point: Right to do these interpretations is important in the international support of PSB.

5.4 PROTECTING PSB IN THE MARKET PLACE: PLURALISM AND BEST PRACTICE

• Key Point: Culture needs to show how they interact and psbs need to adapt.

  • Don't Forget: The quality of that organization will be needed.

5.4.1 Denmark:

• Key Point: All packages carries Radio and TV2, where the government service needs to be included.

5.4.2 Germany:

• Key Point: The two major PSB that have access needs to be given to other stations who needed and wanted the help.

5.5 PROTECTING PSB VALUES IN THE MARKET PLACE: ENCOURAGING PRIVATE PSB-STYLE MEDIA

• Key Point: Needs to listen to psb style.

  • Don't Forget: It still helps to persuade that psb is getting better.

5.5.1 NDTV: India:

• Key Point: Operates 24 hr news channels and motivates voting.

  • Don't Forget: Get those people educated.

5.5.2 Sirasa Radio: Sri Lanka:

• Key Point: Private tv has been beneficial by pushing the boundaries to be more successful.

• Don't Forget: Shows what needs to happen.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

• Key Point: Examines what can make and define the system; being a free organization.

6.2 THE PROMISE OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMMING

• Key Point: Every country has experimented with programming in BBC and PBS.

  • Don't Forget: Still needs to be a good mix between resources in it too.

6.3 PROFESSIONAL STATUS AND RIGHTS OF JOURNALISTS

• Key Point: Needs to have the greatest freedom given to the framework from the state. Codes is a valuable thing.

6.4 EDITORIAL GUIDELINES IN PROGRAMME PRODUCTION

• Key Point: To use their code of content practices their are a few guidelines.

6.4.1 CBA Editorial Guidelines:

• Key Point: Freedom of speech is important, news should reflect facts only, and dont allow outside influences.

6.4.2 Producer’s Guidelines, RTHK (Hong Kong):

• Key Point: Important to respect the standards of one's work

6.5 MAKING POLITICS TRANSPARENT: PARLIAMENTARY BROADCASTING

• Key Point: Broadcasting is always the same to allow help in public awareness, is important and their best fit.

6.5.1 New Zealand:

• Key Point: The service runs weekly at just over 2 hrs to provide information out to people.

6.5.2 Australia:

• Key Point: ABC needs to broadcast things and the Senate meetings, in which the parliament committee decides what is broadcast and how coverage is taken.

6.5.3 Canada:

• Key Point: CBC has power to broadcast all debates from being a licensee.

6.5.4 Denmark:

• Key Point: Shows Parliament events through TV2 which have a studio inside the parliament.

6.5.5 Britain:

• Key Point: Provide an account made by professional reporters in broadcasting.

6.5.6 India:

• Key Point: Shows important people as the president or any import as possible

6.5.7 South Africa:

• Key Point: Usually one channel which makes just over the population.

  • Don't Forget: Can also make this unavailable for other things.

6.5.8 Rules for Parliamentary Broadcasts:

• Key Point: Ways to broadcast and be accurate with everything.

6.6 MINORITY PROGRAMMING

• Key Point: Programing to help ethnic and religious minorities.

6.6.1 BBC Asian Network:

• Key Point: Categories to serve the communities.

6.6.2 SBS Radio (Australia):

• Key Point: No specified means on how to broadcast to better minority community

6.6.3 ‘Sleeplessness’ on Estonian Television:

• Key Point: Popular platform to be broadcasting

6.6.4 ‘Meer van Anders’ Department (Netherlands):

• Key Point: Government focuses on ensuring good information is broadcasted to people to promote transparency and trust in public institutions, enabling citizens to make informed decisions.

6.6.6 Maori Television (New Zealand):

Key Point: Educate people about culture and that it's there.

6.7 CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMING

Key Point: Pbs programming should not only educate, it should