Interpersonal Communication, Praise, Expressing Feelings and Opinions, Parts of a Letter, and Dell Hymes' SPEAKING Model

  1. S — Setting:

    • Definition: Refers to where and when communication takes place, including the environmental conditions, mood, or overall atmosphere of the interaction.

    • Guiding Question: "Saan nag-uusap?" (Where are they talking?)

    • Example: In a classroom, the atmosphere may be formal and serious while the teacher is lecturing.

  2. P — Participants:

    • Definition: Refers to the individuals or entities involved in the interaction.

    • Guiding Question: "Sino ang nag-uusap?" (Who are they talking?)

    • Example: Teacher and students.

  3. E — Ends:

    • Definition: Refers to the goals, objectives, or desired outcomes of the communication.

    • Guiding Question: "Ano ang layunin ng pag-uusap?" (What is the goal of the conversation?)

    • Example: A teacher's goal of clearly explaining a lesson to the class.

  4. A — Act Sequence:

    • Definition: Refers to the precise sequence, order, or structure of events and utterances within the exchange.

    • Guiding Question: "Paano ang takbo ng pag-uusap?" (How does the conversation proceed?)

    • Example Sequential Flow: Greeting → Explanation → Questioning → Answering → Conclusion.

  5. K — Keys:

    • Definition: Refers to the overall tone, manner, spirit, or mood in which the communication is conducted.

    • Guiding Question: "Ano ang estilo ng pag-uusap?" (What is the style/tone of conversation?)

    • Example Tones: Serious, joyful, sad, angry, or playful/humorous.

  6. I — Instrumentalities:

    • Definition: Refers to the medium, channel, or mode of communication utilized.

    • Guiding Question: "Anong tsanel ang ginamit?" (What channel was used?)

    • Examples of Channels: Spoken/Oral, Written, Digital Chat/Text message, Phone call, Video call.

  7. N — Norms:

    • Definition: Refers to the social rules, behavioral expectations, and underlying conventions or topics governing the communication.

    • Guiding Question: "Ano ang paksa ng pag-uusap?" (What is the topic/expected conduct of the interaction?)

    • Example: Speaking respectfully using formal markers when conversing with a teacher.

  8. G — Genres:

    • Definition: Refers to the specific category, form, or type of text/discourse being used.

    • Guiding Question: "Ano ang uri ng pagpapahayag?" (What type of speech or discourse is it?)

    • Examples: Speech, Interview, Debate, Casual conversation, Letter, Formal presentation.