Introduction to Construction

Lesson 01: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

• Construction Practitioners

• Construction Materials and Properties

Lesson Summary:

This lesson includes the different personnel involved in the construction of a building, what their roles are, and how they interact with each other.

Learning Objectives:

• Discuss the various personnel involved in the design and construction of a building.

• Discuss the General Properties of materials and the terminologies used.

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

2 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of

the one who prepared these manual, the author.

CONSTRUCTION PRACTITIONERS

A. Client/Owner – One who has the legal right or title to a piece of property and has the capability of financing a project. The person requiring the services of various professional.

B. Design Professional – refers to the person who provides quality services with regards to building and development designs in exchange for a fair remuneration.

a. Architect – means a person professionally and academically qualified, registered and licensed

under R.A. No. 9266 with a Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture and the Professional Regulation Commission, and who is responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare and cultural expression of society’s habitat in terms of space, forms and historical context

b. Civil/Structural Engineer (CE) – A civil engineer is trained in the design of static structures such as buildings, roads, tunnels, and bridges and the control of water and its contaminant while a structural engineer is trained in a branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of structures to withstand physical forces or displacements without danger of collapse or without loss of serviceability or function.

c. Professional Electrical Engineer (PEE) – A person trained and experienced in the design of electrical system for buildings and coordination and supervision of all aspects of its construction.

d. Professional Mechanical Engineer (PME) – A person trained and experienced in the design of mechanical system for buildings and coordination and supervision of all aspects of its construction.

e. Sanitary Engineer (SE) – A person trained and experienced in the design of control of environmental conditions related to public health, such as water supply, sewage, and industrial waste.

f. Master Plumber (RLMP) – A person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of Master Plumbing without limitations on accordance with Republic Act 1378, having passed the examination conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission, has received a Certificate of Registration from the Board of Master Plumbing and possesses the current license to practice.

g. Electronics and Communications Engineer (ECE) – A person trained and experienced in the design of electronics and communication system for buildings and coordination and supervision of all aspects of its construction.

h. Geodetic Engineer (GE) – a person trained to conduct surveys on lands, either flat or with varying slopes, and locate global positions of points.

CLIENT

ARCHITECT

PEE

PME

RLMP

ECE

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The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent

of the one who prepared these manual, the author.

C. Construction Team – refers to the various personnel involved in the implementation

a. Professional In-Charge of Construction – the professional in-charge of maintaining the quality of the work done by the contractor. Also, the professional responsible for the compliance to the standards and drawings set by the design professionals.

b. Contractor – One who undertakes responsibility for the performance of construction work, including the provision of labor and materials, in accordance with plans and specifications and under a contract specifying cost and schedule for completion of the work.

1. Project In-Charge – the person leading the workers for the completion of the project.

2. Foreman – the head of the work team responsible for a section of the project.

3. Skilled Workers – workers with unique skills or who has undergone training from known training centers. These includes Carpenters, Masons,

Steelmen, and Welders.

4. Labor/Helpers – workers who do not have sufficient skills to lead a work. Usually, workers that aids the work of the various skilled workers.

c. Subcontractor – a person or organization who has a direct contract with a prime contractor to perform a portion of the work at the site.

D. Suppliers and Producers – those offices or stores that provide the market for material purchase, rentals for construction equipment, and even training facilities for specialized workers.

CLIENT

CONTRACTOR

Mason

Design Professionals

Subcontractors

Project In

Project In--ChargeCharge

Steelmen

Plumbers

Carpenters

Electrician

Welders

Professionals

In--Charge of Charge of ConstructionConstruction

Foreman

Helper

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

4 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of

the one who prepared these manual, the author.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

A. Mechanical Properties – physical properties of a material that exhibit a response to applied forces,

such as tensile and compression forces, whether axial, eccentric, or torsional.

Elastic range – range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation

a. Proportional Limit – the stress beyond which the ratio of stress to strain for a material no longer

remains constant

b. Stiffness – a measure of a material’s resistance to deformation when stressed within its elastic range

c. Brittleness – a material property which causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident

deformation

Stress

Strain

Brittleness

Stiffness

Modulus of Elasticity

Elastic Limit

Proportional

Limit

Yield Point

Ductility

Fracture/

Rupture

Ultimate

Strength

Strain-Elastic Range Plastic Range Hardening Range

BUILDING

MATERIALS

Ceramics Metals Polymers Composite

any of various hard,

brittle, non-corrosive

and non-conductive

material formed by

ionic bond of metal

and non-metal

material.

Concrete, Masonry,

Glass

elementary substance which

are crystalline when solid

and many of which are

characterized by opacity,

ductility, conductivity, and

unique luster when freshly

fractured.

Ferrous, Non- Ferrous

a compound of high

molecular weight formed

by polymerization and

consisting essentially of

repeating structural

units.

Wood, Plastics and

Rubber, Coats

a combination

of two or more

materials to

form a better

material.

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent

of the one who prepared these manual, the author.

d. Modulus of Elasticity – ratio between a unit stress and the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress

Plastic range – range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits plastic deformation

a. Elastic Limit – maximum stress that can be applied to a material without causing permanent deformation

b. Yield Point – the stress beyond which a marked increase in strain occurs in a material without a concurrent increase in stress

c. Ductility – material property which enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing

Strain-Hardening Range – range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits increased strength with some loss of ductility

a. Ultimate Strength/Stress – maximum tensile, compressive or shearing stress a material can be expected to bear without rupturing or fracturing

b. Fracturing/Rupture – breaking of a material resulting from the rupturing of its atomic bonds when stressed beyond its ultimate strength

B. Dimensional Stability – property of a material that enables it to maintain its original shape and dimensions when subjected to changes in temperature or humidity.

Moisture Expansion – increase in the bulk of a material caused by the absorption of water or water vapor

Thermal Expansion – increase in length, are or volume of a material caused by a rise/fall in temperature

C. Weatherability – property of a material that enables it to retain its appearance and integrity when exposed to the effects of sun, wind, moisture, and change in temperature.

D. Abrasion Resistance – material property that enables it to resist being worn away by friction when rubbed with another object.

E. Hardness – material property that enables it to resist deformation by compression, indentation, or penetration.

6 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of

the one who prepared these manual, the author.

Lesson 02: WOOD and WOOD WORKING

• Wood Defined, Parts, and Classification

Softwood and Hardwood

Classification of Philippine Wood

According to Strength Grade

• Properties of Wood

Physical Properties

Thermal Properties

Pyrolytic Properties

Strength/Mechanical Properties

• Common Wood Defects

Shrinkage

Warp

Knot

Shake

Pitch Pocket

Check

Split or Through Check

Wane

Decal

Skip

Machine Burn

• Wood Products

Lumber

Wood Panels

• Preservation and Treatment

• Carpentry

• Wood Joinery

End or Lengthening Joints

Edge Joints

Angle Joints

Miter Joints

Lap Joints

Dovetail Joints

Mortise and Tenon

Bridle Joint

• Wood Fasteners

Nails

Screws

Bolts and Nuts

Toothed Plate

Split Ring

• Wood Construction Systems

Footing and Pedestal

Post, Girder, and Floor System

Wall and Ceiling System

Truss System

Lesson Summary:

This lesson discusses the topics on wood and wood construction. This includes the properties, defects, products, preservation, treatment of wood, what carpentry is and the techniques involved in the craft, as well as the construction systems that uses wood or timber.

Learning Objectives:

• Identify wood and its parts.

• Familiarize the classification, properties, and common defects found on wood.

• Identify the different wood products and methods of preserving and treating wood.

• Understand the terminologies in Carpentry and identify the connections being utilized when working with wood.

• Understand the parts of a wooden construction system and how they are related to each other.

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent

of the one who prepared these manual, the author.

WOOD

A tough fibrous cellular substance that makes up the most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.

Parts of the Wood

a. Bark – tough external covering of the wood.

b. Cambium – reproductive tissue.

c. Sapwood or Alburnum – younger, softer, living portion of wood.

d. Heartwood or Duramen – older, harder, inactive core of a tree.

Annual Ring – concentric layer of wood.

a. Springwood or Early wood – more porous portion, develops early, large, thin-walled cells.

b. Summerwood or Late wood – hard, dark, less porous portion, develops late, compact, thick-walled cells.

CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

A. SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD

a. Softwood - wood from trees having foliage the remains green and functional throughout the year, and/or cone bearing trees.

b. Hardwood - wood from a broad-leaved flowering tree

B. ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE WOOD

a. Group 1:

Afu

Akle

Almaciga

Almon

Amugis

Ananga

Apitong

Bagtikan

Bakan

Balu

Banaba

Bansalagin

Batikulin

Batitinan

Betenghol

Betis

Bitaog

Bulong Eta

Dagang

Dangula o Sasalit

Dao

Dungon

Dungon Late

Duyok-duyok

Ebony

Gana-fistola

Gisok

Gisok-Gisok

Guijo

Igem Ipil

Kaburo

Kalamansi

Kalantas

Kaliot

Kamagong

Kamuning

Kulilisan

Lauan, Red

Lauan, White

Lijinai

Liusin

Lumbayao

Lumbayao bato

Magasusu

Makaasim

Malaanonang

Malabunga

Malaguijo

Malakadios

Malakawayan

Maluwai

Manggachapui

Nato

Palosapis

Manggasinoro

Maranggo

Margapali

Matang Araw

Mayapis

Mahogany

Molave

Narak

Narig

Narra

Pagatpat

Pahutan

Piagau

Pine, Benguet

Saplungan

Sudiang

Supa

Tabau

Tabigi

Teak

Tindalo

Urung

Yakal

Bark

Sapwood

Heartwood

Early wood

Late wood

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8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of

the one who prepared these manual, the author.

b. Group 2:

Agoho

Agoho del Monte

Alupag

Alupag Amo

Anubing

Bagras (Amamanit)

Balete

Batino

Bayok

Binggas

Bitanghol Dita

Hagakhak

Kamatog

Katmon

Katmon Kalabaw

Kayu-galu

Kubi

Lanio

Lanipau

Lanutan

Loktob

Malabatino

Malabayabas

Malakatmon

Manggis

Mangkas

Mapilig

Marag

Palomaria del Monte

Pamitaogen

Panau

Philippine Chestnut

Pili

Rain Tree (Acacia)

Sangilo Taba

Tamayuan

Tangile

Tanglin

Tiga

Toog

Tukang Kalaw

c. Group 3:

Amayan

Anislag

Antipolo

Api-api

Bakawan

Balakat

Balikbikan

Balobo

Bangkal

Baras

Basaing

Batukanag

Binurang

Biyanti

Bogo

Bolon

Bugas

Bulala

Bulog

Dalinsi

Gisihan

Gubas

Kalingag

Kalumpit

Kansulud

Kato

Kautuan Bangkal

Kayataw

Lago

Lamog

Langarsi

Lanipau

Lulling Manok

Malaanonang

Malacoan Sau

Malakamias

Malapapaya

Malasaging

Malasantol

Malatumbaga

Mambingan

Matamata

Miao

Nangka

Pototan

Sakat

Salakin

Salingkugi

Sandit

Santol

Talisay

Talisay gubat

Taluto

Tanghas

Tinsang Pintasi

Tusi

Unik

d. Group 4 shall include all species not included in any of the three group.

C. ACCORDING TO STRENGTH GRADE (FROM NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)

a. High Strength Group

Agoho

Liusin

Malabayabas

Manggachapui

Molave

Narig

Sasalit

Yakal

b. Moderately High Strength Group

Antipolo

Binggas

Bokbok

Dao

Gatasan

Guijo

Kamagong

Kamatog

Katmon

Kato

Lomarau

Mahogany

Makaasim

Malakauayan

Narra

Puhutan

c. Medium Strength Group

Apitong

Bagtikan

Dangkalan

Gisau

Lanutan-bagyo

Lauan

Malaanonang

Malasaging

Malugai

Miau

Nato

Palosapis

Pine

Salakin

Vidal lanutan

Var. glabrecens

d. Moderately Low Strength Group

Almaciga

Bayok

Lingo-lingo

Mangasinoro

Raintree

Yemane

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent

of the one who prepared these manual, the author.

PROPERTIES OF WOOD

A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – refers to the aesthetic quality of a surface of the wood, usually determined by the visible wood grains.

Wood Grain – the direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of the fibers in a piece of dressed wood.

Types of Wood Grains

a. Edge or Vertical Grain – wood grain resulting from quartersawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45° or more with the broad faces of a piece.

b. Flat Grain – wood grain resulting from plain-sawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of less than 45° with the broad faces of a piece.

c. Mixed Grain – any combination of edge-grained and flat-grained lumber.

d. Diagonal Grain – wood grain having the annual rings at an angle to the length of the piece, resulting from sawing at an angle to the axis of a log.

e. Cross Grain – wood grain having the cells and fibers running transversely or diagonally to the length of a piece as a result of a growth characteristic.

f. Close Grain– wood grain characterized by narrow, inconspicuous annual rings with little difference in pore size between springwood and summerwood.

g. Coarse Grain– wood grain having large pores.

h. Raised Grain– a dressed wood surface having the denser summer wood rising above the softer springwood

B. THERMAL PROPERTIES – refers to the property of wood to withstand temperature fluctuation. Also, refers to the property of the wood to insulate a space from heat and cold.

C. PYROLYTIC PROPERTIES – refers to the property of wood by which it can withstand fire up to certain degrees. Usually, pyrolytic property of wood is aided by treatments using various chemical to produce an intumescent layer.

D. STRENGTH/MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – refers to the ability of a wood to withstand physical deformations due to forces acting upon.

Broad Face

Edge

End

End Grain

Edge Grain

Flat Grain

Mixed Grain

Diagonal Grain

Cross Grain

Close Grain

Coarse Grain

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10 The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent of

the one who prepared these manual, the author.

Radial

COMMON WOOD DEFECTS

A. SHRINKAGE – the dimensional contraction of a wood piece occurring when its moisture content falls below the fiber-saturation point. Shrinkage is very slight along the grain, but significant across the grain.

a. Longitudinal – wood shrinkage parallel to the grain, about 2% of radial shrinkage.

b. Tangential – wood shrinkage in a direction tangent to the growth rings, about double that of radial shrinkage.

c. Radial - wood shrinkage perpendicular to the grain, across the growth rings.

B. WARP – any deviation from a plane or true surface of a board or panel, usually caused by uneven drying during the seasoning process or by a change in moisture content.

a. Cup – a curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of the piece.

b. Bow – a curvature along the length of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the piece.

c. Crook – a curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the piece.

d. Twist – a warp resulting from the turning of the edges of a wood piece in opposite directions.

C. KNOT –he base of a woody branch enclosed by a subsequent growth of wood in the stem from which it rises. In the structural grading of a wood piece, knots are restricted by size and location.

a. Live or Intergrown – a knot having annual rings intergrown with those of the surrounding wood. Live knots are allowable in structural timber within certain size limits.

b. Sound – a knot that is solid across its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood, and undecayed.

c. Tight or Close - a knot held firmly in place by growth or position.

d. Dead or Loose or Encased – a knot having annual rings not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood. Encasement may be partial or complete, but a dead knot is considered to be a defect since it can easily loosen or be knocked out.

Cup

Bow

Crook

Twist

CEng 112n: Building Technologies

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A.

8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent

of the one who prepared these manual, the author.

D. SHAKE - a separation along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling.

E. PITCH POCKET – a well-defined opening between the annual rings of a softwood, containing or having once contained solid or liquid pitch.

F. CHECK – a lengthwise separation of wood across the annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning process.

G. SPLIT OR THROUGH CHECK – a check that extends completely through a board or wood veneer.

H. WANE – the presence of bark or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece.

I. DECAY (DRY ROT OR PECKY) – the decomposition of wood by fungi and other microorganisms, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight, and often a change of texture and color.

J. SKIP – an area on the surface of a board or panel missed by a planning machine.

K. MACHINE BURN – a surface charring caused by overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts during shaping or finishing of a material.