Finding Order in Biodiversity
Learning Objectives
- Describe the goals of binomial nomenclature and taxonomy.
- Explain how Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa.
- Identify the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified.
Binomial Nomenclature
- Definition: A formal system of naming species where each species is given a two-part name consisting of the genus name and the species identifier.
- Examples:
- Ursus maritimus
- Ursus (Genus)
- maritimus (species)
- Ursus arctos
- Ursus (Genus)
- arctos (species)
The Linnaean Classification System
- Overview: A hierarchical system for classifying living organisms.
- Example:
- Species: Camelus bactrianus
- Genus: Camelus
- Family: Camelidae
- Order: Artiodactyla
- Class: Mammalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Kingdom: Animalia
Classification Changes With New Discoveries
- Examples of Groups Reviewed:
Changing Ideas About Kingdoms
- Historical Overview:
- Kingdoms of Life: Evolved from simple classifications in the 1700s to today's six kingdom model.
- Phases of Classification:
- 1700s: Initial classifications
- Late 1800s: Expansion and refinement of kingdoms
- 1950s: Further advancements with the discovery of microorganisms
- 1990s: Modern classification systems established
Classification of Living Things
- Overview of the Domains and Kingdoms:
- Kingdoms:
- Animalia
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- “Protista”
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Cell Type and Examples:
- Domain: Prokaryote
- Kingdom Eubacteria
- Example: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
- Domain: Eukarya
- Kingdom Fungi
- Example: Mushrooms, yeasts
- Kingdom Plantae
- Example: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
- Kingdom “Protista”
- Example: Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
- Domain: Archaea
- Kingdom Archaebacteria
- Example: Methanogens, halophiles
- Cell Structures:
- Eubacteria: Cell walls with peptidoglycan
- Archaebacteria: Cell walls without peptidoglycan
- Fungi: Cell walls of chitin
- Plantae: Cell walls of cellulose; some possess chloroplasts
- Animalia: No cell walls or chloroplasts
- Number of Cells:
- Eubacteria and Archaebacteria: Unicellular
- “Protista”: Mostly unicellular; some colonial and multicellular
- Fungi: Mostly multicellular; some unicellular
- Plantae: Mostly multicellular; some unicellular green algae
- Animalia: Multicellular; includes sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
- Mode of Nutrition:
- Eubacteria: Heterotroph
- Archaebacteria: Autotroph or heterotroph
- “Protista”: Autotroph or heterotroph
- Fungi: Heterotroph
- Plantae: Autotroph
- Animalia: Heterotroph