Global Change Ecology Combined PDF
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666 spp
Global Change Ecology
Part I
000
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Ecologists study:
Organisms
Their interactions
Their environment
Levels of Biological Organization:
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Molecule
Organ
Atom
Organism
Population
Organ System
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
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Biodiversity:
Measured at 3 levels:
Genetic
Species
Ecosystem
All levels exhibit extraordinary diversity.
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Example of Genetic Diversity:
A. The thousands of breeds of different dogs.
B. The 36 species of birds on UofL’s campus.
C. The various biomes of southeastern U.S.
D. The hundreds of bacteria in one human's gut.
E. B and D
Note: Genetic diversity refers to the variety within a single species.
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Repeated Question on Genetic Diversity:
Clarification: Genetic diversity is within a species.
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Learning Outcomes (LOs):
Each class has LOs that describe what students should learn and understand for assessments.
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Today’s Learning Outcomes:
Biodiversity:
Levels of biodiversity and examples
Ecosystem Services:
Identify and describe 4 types
Species Outcomes:
List 4 possible outcomes due to global change
Extinction Causes:
Identify circumstances that increase extinction risks
Factors Affecting Organisms:
Abiotic and biotic factors impacting distribution
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Using LOs for Study:
Memorization isn’t enough; use LOs as frameworks.
Create personal study guides using LOs.
Reflect on prior knowledge before new material.
Focus on LOs where confidence is low for study.
Responsibility for all information related to assigned LOs.
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Importance of Diversity Preservation:
Asks: Is preservation necessary and why?
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Ecosystem Services:
Processes ecosystems provide to sustain life.
Estimated global worth: $125 trillion/year
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Categories of Ecosystem Services:
Provisioning: Products harvested by humans
Regulating: Control/moderation of ecosystem qualities
Cultural: Benefits societies and education
Supporting: Fundamental functionalities enabling other services.
Write down definitions for future reference.
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Activity:
Categorize ecosystem services into Provisioning, Regulating, Supporting, and Cultural.
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Examples of Ecosystem Services:
Supporting: Clean Water, Soil Formation, Biodiversity, Pollination
Cultural: Aesthetic, Stewardship, Recreation
Provisioning: Food, Fish, Wood
Regulating: Clean Air, Control Flooding, Store Carbon
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Panopto Question:
Pollination service type?
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Supporting
D. Cultural
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Pollination Explanation:
Maintains crop abundance and flowering plant diversity.
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Threats to Pollinators:
Overview of multiple threats faced.
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Ecologists also study:4. Factors affecting biodiversity.
Biodiversity Levels: Species, Genomes, Ecosystems.
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Predicting Ecosystem Types:
Temperature and precipitation variances correlate with ecosystem diversity.
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Influence on Temperature & Precipitation:
Landscape features affect these variables locally.
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Biodiversity Variations:
Illustrative source showing biodiversity influenced by Andes mountains.
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Learning Outcomes Reiteration:
Highlights goals to achieve by the end of discussions.
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666 spp
Global Change Ecology
Part II
000
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Today’s Learning Outcomes (Repeat):
Focus on biodiversity levels, ecosystem services, extinction risks, and factors affecting organism distribution.
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Biodiversity Changes Over Time:
Historical changes in global biodiversity distribution.
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Graph Interpretation:
Discuss biodiversity’s relation to speciation and extinction using a cladogram.
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Graphing Biodiversity Dynamics:
Evaluate A, B, C, D graphs for accuracy in biodiversity, speciation, extinction relationship.
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Correct Depiction of Relationships:
Biodiversity = Speciation - Extinction model.
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Mass Extinctions in History:
Instances where extinction rates exceeded speciation.
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Vertebrate Extinction Timeline:
Highlighted historical global changes in biodiversity.
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To Avoid Extinction, a Species Must:
Acclimate
Evolve
Leave
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Brainstorm:
Characteristics correlating with high extinction risk amid environmental change.
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Select Characteristics of High Extinction Risk:
A. Large population size
B. Slow birth rate
C. Small home range
D. Generalist diet
E. Able to move long distances
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Risk Traits in Organisms:
Limited habitat, diet requirements, low mobility, limited genetic diversity heighten extinction risk.
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Extinctions Can Be Local or Global:
Illustrated examples of contemporary populations.
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Disturbance Effects:
Definition of environmental changes leading to local or global extinctions.
Example: Australian fires of 2020.
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Drivers of Biodiversity Loss:
Analysis of factors causing disturbances; detailed discussions planned.
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Consequences of Population Declines:
Impact of bison population crisis on species.
A. Resource competition
B. Genetic diversity loss
C. Habitat fragmentation
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Bottleneck Events:
Initiate extinction vortex processes leading to global extinction likelihood.
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The Extinction Vortex Process:
Definition and consequences of bottleneck events on species survival.
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Invasive Species Defined:
Non-native, disrupt local ecosystems, outcompete natives.
Examples: Kudzu and Zebra mussels.
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Criteria for Classifying Invasive Species:
A. Non-native species
B. Coexist with natives without consequences
C. Causes ecological or economic damage
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Repeats Criteria for Invasiveness:
Importance of demonstrating ecological impact.
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Benefits and Damages of Nonnative Species:
Examples of nonnative species impact on services and native species.
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Educational Reiteration of Today’s Learning Outcomes:
Importance of understanding biodiversity loss factors.
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666 spp
Global Change Ecology
Part III
000
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Repeated Learning Outcomes Overview:
Emphasizing importance of understanding global change impacts.
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Pollution and Climate Change:
Concepts often linked but have separate effects.
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Pollution Types and Effects:
Nutrient enrichment, Environmental toxins, Greenhouse gases.
Highlights severity of impactful pollution events.
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Nutrient Enrichment Consequences:
Eutrophication case study detailing impacts on aquatic systems.
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Toxic Substance Accumulation:
Example of DDT and the bioaccumulation process in ecosystems.
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Types of Pollution Sources:
Point source vs. Non-point source definitions discussed.
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Pollution Source Exploration:
Methods for determining pollution source clarity and impact.
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Pollution Assessment Examples:
Differentiation between point source and nonpoint source pollution.
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Pollution Types and Their Impact:
Detailed review of types and effects of pollutants on ecosystems.
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Climate Change Drivers:
Greenhouse gases and their global effects discussed.
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Greenhouse Gases Monitoring:
Organizations like NOAA track atmospheric gas levels.
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Greenhouse Gas Abundances Questions:
Evaluating knowledge on CO₂, N₂O, CH₄ levels in the atmosphere.
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Temperature Change Predictions:
Impacts of various temperature scenarios on global ecosystems.
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Anthropogenic and Natural Greenhouse Gas Sources:
Distinguishing between diverse sources for greenhouse gases.
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Natural CO₂ Sources:
Respiration and other natural processes contributing to CO₂ levels.
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Repeated Learning Outcomes Overview:
Reiterating emphasis on understanding biodiversity and global change connections.
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University Invitation:
Information for the University of Louisville Summer Health Professions Education Program.
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BIOL 242 Course Information:
Overview of course structure and expectations.
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Upcoming Due Dates:
Details of assignments and deadlines.
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iClicker Questions on Conservation Topics:
Engaging students through technology in class.
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iClicker Fun Activity:
Encouraging students to participate in identifying biological interests.
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Costume or Interest Identification:
iClicker interaction to make class more engaging.
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Learning Outcomes Focus:
Critical factors influencing biodiversity loss explained.
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Levels of Biological Life:
Visual representation of levels from organisms to ecosystems.
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Primary Drivers of Biodiversity Loss:
Definitions and explanations of habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, overexploitation, climate change.
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Learning Outcome Repeat:
Reviewing essential concepts needed for understanding global change impacts.
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Measuring Global Change Effects:
Methods and studies to evaluate impact on ecosystems.
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Quantifying Global Change at Biological Hierarchy Levels:
Emphasis on genetic diversity, population, community, and ecosystem measurements.
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Diversity Metrics and Their Importance:
Discussing relevance of dependent variables in studies.
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Graph Interpretation:
Clarifying independent vs dependent variables in scientific assessment.
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Graph Context in Scientific Literature:
Importance of context and broader implications when presenting data.
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Example Graph Analysis:
Study detailing nonnative rat impact on native bird population density.
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Identifying Global Change Agent:
Questions on the impact of nonnative rats.
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Identifying Dependent Variable:
Queries about the relationship of variables depicted in the graph.
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Independent Variable Analysis:
Determining the influence of rat presence/absence on bird populations.
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Experimental Design Understanding:
Discussing the difference between controlled vs natural experiments.
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Population Effects and Global Change:
Examining how global changes affect migration and reproduction strategies among species, exemplified by caribou.
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Assessment of Dependent Variables in Graphs:
Analysis of multiple Y-axes in showing different response variables.
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Understanding Experiment Types:
Key definitions distinguishing controlled and natural experiments.
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Investigating Study Context:
Essential questions to determine experimentation method in studies.
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Population Effects & Global Change:
Example exploring caribou population migrations in context with global environmental changes.
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Impact on Caribou and Food Sources:
Analysis of seasonal plant growth changes and their repercussions on caribou reproduction rates.
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Identifying Response Variables in Graphs:
Evaluating the extent of dependent measures depicted visually.
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Interaction Between Plant Growth and Caribou Reproduction:
Exploring differing responses to environmental changes across species.
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Causes of Earlier Plant Growth:
Discussion prompted regarding climatic influences on ecosystems.
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Recognizing Climate Change Indicators:
Linking rising temperatures to ecological developments.
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Biological Organization Levels Exploration:
Questioning the understanding of ecosystems interdependencies.
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Understanding Community Definitions:
Identifying ecosystem interaction levels among organisms and plants.
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Dependent Variable Identification for Ecologists:
Discussion includes metrics necessary for understanding ecological dynamics.
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Final Thoughts on Ecological Measurements:
Wrap-up of key discussion points.
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Closing Remarks:
Student materials available post-class and contact information for further questions.