E

Hormones of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus

  • Hormone: Releasing/inhibiting factors (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Anterior pituitary (modifies activity)
  • DAT Tip: Controls anterior pituitary

Anterior Pituitary

  • GH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Bone/muscle growth, cell turnover
    • DAT Tip: Think 'growth' = height & healing
  • Prolactin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Mammary gland: milk production
    • DAT Tip: Milk production, not ejection!
  • TSH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: TH synthesis & release
    • DAT Tip: Stimulates thyroid = metabolism
  • ACTH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Growth/secretion of adrenal cortex
    • DAT Tip: Stimulates adrenal cortex = cortisol
  • LH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Ovary/testes: ovulation/testosterone
    • DAT Tip: Triggers ovulation/testosterone
  • FSH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Ovary/testes: follicle development, spermatogenesis
    • DAT Tip: Spermatogenesis & follicle development

Posterior Pituitary

  • ADH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Kidney: water retention
    • DAT Tip: Water retention = BP
  • Oxytocin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Breast: milk letdown; uterus: contraction
    • DAT Tip: Milk ejection & uterine contraction

Thyroid

  • TH (TH, thyroxine, modified AA)
    • Target/Effect:
      • Child: Necessary for development
      • Adult: Metabolic rate
    • DAT Tip: Metabolism! Cold intolerance = TH
  • Thyroid C cells
    • Calcitonin (peptide)
      • Target/Effect: Bone/kidney/GI: Ca^{2+}
      • DAT Tip: Calcitonin = Ca^{2+} 'tones' down

Parathyroids

  • PTH (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Bone/kidney/small intestine: Ca^{2+}
    • DAT Tip: Opposite of calcitonin

Thymus

  • Thymosin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: T-cell development (children only)
    • DAT Tip: Only in kids! Think 'T' for thymus/T-cells

Adrenal Medulla

  • Epinephrine (modified AA)
    • Target/Effect: Rapid sympathetic stress response
    • DAT Tip: Fight-or-flight = FAST

Adrenal Cortex

  • Cortisol (steroid)
    • Target/Effect: Longer stress response: glucose, protein breakdown
    • DAT Tip: Chronic stress hormone
  • Aldosterone (steroid)
    • Target/Effect: Kidney: Na^{+} retention BP
    • DAT Tip: Salt-saving hormone
  • Sex steroids
    • Target/Effect: Not normally important
    • DAT Tip: Minor in adults

Endocrine Pancreas

  • Insulin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: blood glucose; storage (glycogen/fat)
    • DAT Tip: glucose = insulin shot
  • Glucagon (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: blood glucose; storage
    • DAT Tip: glucose = fasting state
  • Somatostatin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Inhibits digestion
    • DAT Tip: Digestive suppression

Testes

  • Testosterone (steroid)
    • Target/Effect: Male traits, spermatogenesis
    • DAT Tip: Male hormone = muscles

Ovaries/Placenta

  • Estrogen (steroid)
    • Target/Effect: Female traits, endometrial growth
    • DAT Tip: Feminine traits
  • Progesterone (steroid)
    • Target/Effect: Endometrial maintenance, pregnancy
    • DAT Tip: Pregnancy hormone

Heart

  • ANF (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Kidney: urination, BP
    • DAT Tip: Lowers BP

Kidney

  • Erythropoietin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Bone marrow: RBC synthesis
    • DAT Tip: More RBCs = more O_2