Hormones of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus

• Hormone: Releasing/inhibiting factors (peptide)
• Target/Effect: Anterior pituitary (modifies activity)
• DAT Tip: Controls anterior pituitary

Anterior Pituitary

• GH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Bone/muscle growth, cell turnover
  • DAT Tip: Think 'growth' = height & healing
• Prolactin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Mammary gland: milk production
  • DAT Tip: Milk production, not ejection!
• TSH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: TH synthesis & release
  • DAT Tip: Stimulates thyroid = metabolism
• ACTH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Growth/secretion of adrenal cortex
  • DAT Tip: Stimulates adrenal cortex = cortisol
• LH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Ovary/testes: ovulation/testosterone
  • DAT Tip: Triggers ovulation/testosterone
• FSH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Ovary/testes: follicle development, spermatogenesis
  • DAT Tip: Spermatogenesis & follicle development

Posterior Pituitary

• ADH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Kidney: water retention
  • DAT Tip: Water retention = BP
• Oxytocin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Breast: milk letdown; uterus: contraction
  • DAT Tip: Milk ejection & uterine contraction

Thyroid

• TH (TH, thyroxine, modified AA)
  • Target/Effect:
    • Child: Necessary for development
    • Adult: Metabolic rate
  • DAT Tip: Metabolism! Cold intolerance = TH
• Thyroid C cells
  • Calcitonin (peptide)
    • Target/Effect: Bone/kidney/GI: Ca^{2+}
    • DAT Tip: Calcitonin = Ca^{2+} 'tones' down

Parathyroids

• PTH (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Bone/kidney/small intestine: Ca^{2+}
  • DAT Tip: Opposite of calcitonin

Thymus

• Thymosin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: T-cell development (children only)
  • DAT Tip: Only in kids! Think 'T' for thymus/T-cells

Adrenal Medulla

• Epinephrine (modified AA)
  • Target/Effect: Rapid sympathetic stress response
  • DAT Tip: Fight-or-flight = FAST

Adrenal Cortex

• Cortisol (steroid)
  • Target/Effect: Longer stress response: glucose, protein breakdown
  • DAT Tip: Chronic stress hormone
• Aldosterone (steroid)
  • Target/Effect: Kidney: Na^{+} retention BP
  • DAT Tip: Salt-saving hormone
• Sex steroids
  • Target/Effect: Not normally important
  • DAT Tip: Minor in adults

Endocrine Pancreas

• Insulin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: blood glucose; storage (glycogen/fat)
  • DAT Tip: glucose = insulin shot
• Glucagon (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: blood glucose; storage
  • DAT Tip: glucose = fasting state
• Somatostatin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Inhibits digestion
  • DAT Tip: Digestive suppression

Testes

• Testosterone (steroid)
  • Target/Effect: Male traits, spermatogenesis
  • DAT Tip: Male hormone = muscles

Ovaries/Placenta

• Estrogen (steroid)
  • Target/Effect: Female traits, endometrial growth
  • DAT Tip: Feminine traits
• Progesterone (steroid)
  • Target/Effect: Endometrial maintenance, pregnancy
  • DAT Tip: Pregnancy hormone

Heart

• ANF (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Kidney: urination, BP
  • DAT Tip: Lowers BP

Kidney

• Erythropoietin (peptide)
  • Target/Effect: Bone marrow: RBC synthesis
  • DAT Tip: More RBCs = more O_2