PSY 1001 Exam 4 Review
Social Psychology
Social psychology focuses on how behavior is influenced by others.
Social Psychologist Interests
A social psychologist would be interested in how teens influence each other.
Relationship Formation
You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days.
Types of Aggression
Instrumental aggression is intentional and planned.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was the first sex researcher.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness is used with the tool called DSM.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Panic Attack
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack, she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
PTSD
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Psychoanalytic Model
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Mood Disorders
Phobias is not a mood disorder.
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Definition of Stress
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
Stress
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false.
Pressure
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59, he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching, this is an example of Pressure.
Compromise
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false.
Defense Mechanism
Repression is a type of defense mechanism.
Sources of Stressful Events
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
Eustress
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale.
Prejudice
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief, this is an example of Prejudice.
Stereotypes
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly, this is an example of Stereotypes.
Prosocial Behavior
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
Stress and Immune System
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true.
Pursuit of Happiness
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company.
Therapeutic Model
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model.
Therapeutic Technique
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder.
Relapse Percentage
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%.
Psychological Disorders
Psychological disorders are not classified as the same in all cultures; the statement is false.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This field examines a wide range of social topics, including:
Attitudes
Social cognition
Prejudice
Interpersonal attraction
Group dynamics
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Persuasion
Social Psychologist Interests
Social psychologists explore various aspects of social interactions and influences:
How teens influence each other through peer pressure, social norms, and group dynamics.
The impact of social media on self-esteem and social comparison.
How stereotypes and prejudice develop and affect intergroup relations.
Relationship Formation
Several factors contribute to relationship formation:
Proximity: You are more likely to form a relationship with someone who lives next door and you see most days due to increased familiarity and opportunities for interaction.
Similarity: People tend to be attracted to those who share similar values, interests, and backgrounds.
Physical Attractiveness: Initial attraction is often influenced by physical appearance.
Reciprocity: We like people who like us.
Types of Aggression
Aggression can be classified into different types:
Instrumental aggression: Intentional and planned, used as a means to achieve a specific goal.
Hostile aggression: Driven by anger and intended to inflict pain.
Relational aggression: Harming someone's relationships or social standing.
First Sex Researcher
Alfred Kinsey was a pioneering figure in the field of sex research. His work included:
Conducting large-scale surveys on human sexual behavior.
Publishing influential reports such as "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female."
Challenging prevailing attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
Mental Illness Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a mental illness relies on standardized criteria:
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders.
ICD (International Classification of Diseases): Another diagnostic tool used worldwide.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry:
Alex constantly worries about work, health, and family, even when there’s no reason to. These worries feel uncontrollable, which aligns with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Panic Attack
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions:
Sofia is feeling overwhelmed while taking an exam and thinks she is having a heart attack; she is most likely experiencing a panic attack.
Symptoms include:
Heart palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fear of losing control or dying.
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event:
PTSD does not occur within a few days of a traumatic event; the statement is false. Symptoms typically emerge over time.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive thoughts and memories
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma
Negative changes in mood and thinking
Increased arousal and reactivity.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy:
Judy constantly seeks praise, believes they are superior to others, and lacks empathy. They get angry when criticized and often exploit friends for personal gain. This aligns with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Diagnostic criteria include:
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Belief that they are special and unique and can only be understood by or associate with other special or high-status people
A need for excessive admiration
A sense of entitlement
Exploitative behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of them
Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest:
Julia has felt sad, hopeless, and empty most of the day, nearly every day for the past month. They’ve lost interest in hobbies, struggle to eat and sleep, feel worthless, and have trouble concentrating. This aligns with Major Depressive Disorder.
Symptoms include:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Psychoanalytic Model
The Psychoanalytic model, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that psychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts:
The model in which psychological disorders are outcomes of unconscious internal conflicts is the Psychoanalytic model.
Key concepts include:
Unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms
Early childhood experiences
Psychosexual stages.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood and emotion:
Phobias are not mood disorders; they are classified as anxiety disorders.
Examples of mood disorders include:
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Components of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings:
Bipolar disorder consists of Depression & Mania.
Mania involves:
Elevated mood
Increased energy
Racing thoughts
Impulsive behavior.
Definition of Stress
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenging or threatening events:
An environmental demand that creates tensions or threat and requires change/adaptation is Stress.
It involves:
Stressors (events that cause stress)
Stress responses (reactions to stressors).
Stress
Stress can have both positive and negative effects:
Stress is not inherently bad; the statement is false. Eustress (positive stress) can enhance performance and motivation.
Pressure
Pressure is a type of stress that arises from demands or expectations:
Ben is doing an assignment that is due at 11:59; he is feeling that he must speed up with his work as the deadline is approaching. This is an example of Pressure.
It can stem from:
Deadlines
Performance expectations
Social obligations.
Compromise
Compromise involves finding a middle ground in a conflict:
Compromise is not when an individual avoids a situation when other options are not practical; the statement is false. That is avoidance.
It requires:
Mutual concessions
Negotiation
Collaboration.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used to cope with stress and anxiety:
Repression is a type of defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
Other defense mechanisms include:
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation.
Sources of Stressful Events
Stressful events can arise from various sources:
Sources of stressful events include pressure, hassles, and change (All of the above).
These sources can be:
Major life events
Daily hassles
Environmental stressors.
Eustress
Eustress is a positive form of stress that can be beneficial:
Ava feels excited and a little nervous before giving a big presentation at work. The pressure motivates her to prepare well and perform her best. Afterward, she feels proud and accomplished. This type of stress is Eustress.
Characteristics of eustress include:
Enhanced motivation
Improved performance
Feelings of accomplishment.
Measurement of Life Scale
Life changes can be quantified using standardized scales:
Life changes are best measured with the Social Readjustment rating scale, which assigns numerical values to different life events to assess their impact on stress levels.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group:
Jordan believes that people from a certain neighborhood are lazy and untrustworthy, even though he’s never met anyone from there. He avoids interacting with them based on this unfair, negative belief; this is an example of Prejudice.
It involves:
Negative stereotypes
Emotional responses
Discrimination.
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group of people:
Emily assumes that all elderly people are bad with technology, even though many older adults are tech-savvy and use smartphones and social media regularly; this is an example of Stereotypes.
They can be:
Positive or negative
Accurate or inaccurate
Conscious or unconscious.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others:
Emily sees someone fall over on their bike while out hiking. She rushes over to help them and make sure they are okay. This type of behavior is Prosocial.
It includes:
Helping
Sharing
Cooperating
Volunteering.
Stress and Immune System
Chronic stress can impair the functioning of the immune system:
Stress can negatively affect the immune system; the statement is true. It can lead to increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times.
Pursuit of Happiness
The pursuit of happiness involves various factors:
All are components to being happy according to the pursuit of happiness except Good company. Components include:
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment.
Therapeutic Model
Different therapeutic models employ unique techniques:
Free association is used under the Psychoanalysis therapeutic model, where patients are encouraged to speak freely about whatever comes to mind.
Therapeutic Technique
Various techniques are used to treat phobias:
Removal of a phobia quickly would use the Flooding technique, which involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus intensely and rapidly.
Therapeutic Model with Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard is a key component of client-centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard is used in the Client-centered therapeutic model, where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment.
Drug to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Lithium is a mood stabilizer commonly used to treat bipolar disorder:
Lithium is the type of drug best used for treating bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of mood episodes.
Relapse Percentage
Relapse rates for substance use disorders are significant:
The percentage of individuals who relapse (returning to the abuse of drugs/alcohol) after a period of improvement is 40-60%. This highlights the chronic nature of addiction and the importance of ongoing support and