Topics for Biology Final

CP Biology 

Topics & Vocab Words 

Final Exam 

Living vs. Nonliving Things:

• Biology: Study of life.

• Living: Possesses 6 characteristics of life.

• 6 characteristics of living things: Growth, development, reproduction (asexual vs. sexual), homeostasis, response to stimuli, metabolism.

• Nonliving: Does not possess all 6 characteristics of life.

• Unicellular: Single-celled organism.

• Multicellular: Multiple-celled organism.

• Homeostasis: Maintaining internal stability.

• Stimulus: Something that evokes a response.

• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction involving one parent vs. two parents.

• Metabolism: Chemical processes that occur in the body.

• Growth: Increase in size.

• Development: Changes during the life of an organism.

• 3 Needs of Living Things: Water, energy, and living space.

Macromolecules:

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Cell Transport:

• Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane.

• Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

• Active Transport: Requires energy to move molecules.

• Passive Transport: Does not require energy to move molecules.

• Endocytosis: Into the cell.

• Exocytosis: Out of the cell.

Cells:

• Cell Theory:

  • All living things are made of cells.

  • Cells are the basic unit of life.

  • All cells come from other cells.

• Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell: Differ in structures like cell walls and chloroplasts.

• Scientists & their claim to fame:

  • Robert Hooke: Coined the term 'cell'.

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: Observed microorganisms.

  • Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow: Developed cell theory.

• Organelles:

  • Nucleus: Control center.

  • Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes.

  • Cell Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell.

  • Cell Wall: Provides support and protection in plant cells.

  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis.

  • Chlorophyll: Pigment in chloroplasts.

  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell.

  • Golgi Body: Processes and packages proteins.

  • Vesicle: Transports materials.

  • Vacuole: Stores materials.

  • Rough ER: Transports and synthesizes proteins.

  • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids.

  • Ribosomes: Makes proteins.

  • Lysosomes: Breaks down waste.

  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance in the cell.

Mitosis & Meiosis: Cell division processes.

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:

• Chlorophyll: Pigment for photosynthesis.

• Products & Reactants for each - the equation!!!

• Light-Independent reaction: Calvin Cycle.

• Light-Dependent reaction: Requires light.

• Fermentation: Anaerobic process for energy.

Human Body Systems: (know the function of each system)

• Nervous, Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular/Circulatory, Respiratory, Endocrine, Excretory, Immune/Lymphatic, Digestive, Reproductive, Integumentary

• Homeostasis: Maintaining balance.

• Tissue: Group of similar cells.

• Organ: Group of tissues.

• Organ System: Group of organs.

• Organism: Complete living being.

Genetics:

• Gene: Unit of heredity.

• Allele: Version of a gene.

• Trait: Characteristic.

• Heredity: Passing of traits.

• Chromosomes: Structures carrying genes.

• Homozygous: Same alleles.

• Heterozygous: Different alleles.

• Genotype: Genetic makeup.

• Phenotype: Physical traits.

• Codominance: Both alleles expressed.

• Incomplete Dominance: Blend of alleles.

• Punnett Square: Predicts genetic outcomes.

• Pedigree: Family history of traits.

• Karyotype: Chromosome map. Complete set of one’s chromosomes and physical form

Evolution:

• Evolution: Change over time.

• Fossil: Preserved remains.

• Artificial Selection: Selective breeding.

• Adaptation: Inherited trait for survival.

• Acclimation: Short-term adaptation.

• Fitness: Ability to survive and reproduce.

• Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest.

• Biogeography: Study of species distribution.

• Homologous structure: Similar structure, different function.

• Analogous structure: Different structure, similar function.

• Vestigial Structure: Structure with no apparent function.

• Survival of the Fittest: Ability to survive and reproduce.

• Descent with Modification: Changes over generations.

• Scientists & Their Ideas:

  • Darwin & the Beagle: Developed theory of evolution.

  • Malthus: Population growth limits.

  • Hutton: Gradual geological change.

  • Lyell: Uniformitarianism.

  • Lamarck: Inheritance of acquired traits.

  • Wallace: Independently conceived evolution.

• Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies.

• Bottleneck Effect: Population reduction.

• Founder Effect: New population from a small group.

• Hardy-Weinberg principle: Genetic equilibrium.

• Species: Group that can interbreed.

• Speciation: Formation of new species.