SCIENCE :(
Inertia - is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. This means that an object will stay at rest or keep moving unless a force acts on it.
What is Inertia?
• Inertia is the ability of an object to resist a change in its state of motion.
• An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
• An object in motion tends to stay in motion.
I. Inertia of Rest – “Stay Still” This happens when an object at rest does not want to move.
1. Book on a Table – The Still Object A book will remain on the table unless someone pushes or lifts it.
2. Passenger in a Jeepney – The Sudden Move When the jeepney suddenly moves forward, the passenger’s body tends to stay at rest, so the passenger may lean backward.
II. Inertia of Motion – “Keep Moving” This happens when a moving object does not want to stop or change direction.
1. Rolling Ball – The Moving Object A ball keeps rolling until friction or another force stops it.
2. Passenger in a Moving Vehicle – The Sudden Stop When a vehicle suddenly stops, the passenger’s body continues moving
Friction is a force that acts when two surfaces touch each other. In this lesson, we will focus on friction as an external force. Friction can slow down or stop a moving object.
What is Friction?
• It is a force that opposes motion
• It happens when surfaces rub against each other.
• It can make moving objects slow down or stop.
Friction as an External Force – “Slow Down or Stop” This happens when an outside force acts between surfaces and affects the motion of an object.
7. Sliding Book – The Slowing Object A book sliding on a table slows down because friction acts between the book and the table.
8. Rolling Ball – The Stopping Ball A ball rolling on the floor eventually stops because friction acts between the ball and the floor.
9. Shoes on the Ground – The Grip When we walk, friction between our shoes and the ground helps us move without slipping.
10. Bicycle Brakes – The Stopping Force When the brakes are pressed, friction between the brake pads and the wheel helps stop the bicycle
What is the Relationship of Force and Mass to Acceleration?
• Force is a push or pull that can make an object move faster, slower, or change direction. • Mass is the amount of matter in an object
. • Acceleration increases when the force applied becomes greater.
• Acceleration decreases when the mass of the object becomes greater.
I. Force and Acceleration (Directly Related) This means that a stronger force produces greater acceleration. “More Force, More Acceleration”
17. Pushing a Cart – The Faster Cart A cart moves faster when it is pushed with more force.
18. Kicking a Ball – The Faster Ball A ball accelerates more when it is kicked harder.
II. Mass and Acceleration (Inversely Related) This means that a heavier object has less acceleration when the same force is applied. “More Mass, Less Acceleration”
1. Empty Box – The Easier Object An empty box accelerates faster because it has less mass.
2. Heavy Box – The Slower Object A heavy box accelerates slower because it has more mass.
Force = Mass × Acceleration = F = m × a
• Force is measured in Newton (N) or (kg × m/s²).
• Mass is measured in kilogram (kg).
• Acceleration is measured in meter per second squared (m/s²).
use these formulas:
• Force: F = m × a
• Mass: m = F ÷ a
• Acceleration: a = F ÷ m
Newton’s Third Law of Motion is also called the Law of Interaction. It states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when one object gives force to another object, the other object gives back the same amount of force in the opposite direction.
What is the Law of Interaction?
• Forces always work in pairs.
• One force is called action.
• The other force is called reaction
• Action and reaction forces are equal in strength.
• They act in opposite directions.
Law of Interaction – “Push and Push Back” This law explains that every push or pull has a partner force. When you push, pull, step, jump, or move, another object also pushes or pulls back.
What is a Force Diagram?
• A force diagram uses arrows to show force direction.
• Opposite arrows show opposite forces.
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects.
Action-Reaction Pairs in Everyday Life
19. Walking – Foot pushes ground backward; ground pushes foot forward.
20. Jumping – Feet push ground downward; ground pushes body upward
21. Pushing a Wall – Hand pushes wall; wall pushes hand back.
22. Swimming – Hands push water backward; water pushes swimmer forward.
COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Electrical wire - provides a path where electric currect flows one another
Light bulb - produces light
Resistor - control limit the electric current
Switch - handles on & off
Battery - pushes current to the electricity
AC Voltage Source - supply alternating current
RELATIONSHIP
current & voltage - directly proportional
higher voltage = current increases (both increases)
Current & resistance - inversely proportional
resistance increases = current decreases
OHMS LAW
V = I X R
(voltage = current x resistance)
V = I X R
C = I = V + R
R = R = V + I
UNITS
Voltage = VOLTS (V)
Current = amperes (a)
Resistance = ohms
SERIES VS PARALLEL
Series circuit - one path, if one component fails all the circuit wont work, voltage is divided, current is same everywhere and the total resistance adds up
Parallel - two or more path, if one fails others will still work, current splits between branches, voltage all across branches, total resistance is less than the smallest
ELECTROMAGNETIC
electromagnetic radiation - a form of energy that travels through space, it travels in a form of electromagnetic waves,
electromagnetic waves - they travel in a perpendicular direction,
types of wave
radiowaves - longer wavelength, low frequency. it uses for radio & tv signal
microwaves - longer wavelength, low frequency. uses to reheat food, wifi, radar
infrared - longer wavelength, low frequency. uses for heat radiation, remote control
visible light - - longer wavelength, low frequency. uses for illumation, light we see
ultraviolet - high frequency, short wavelength. uses for sunburn
x-rays - high frequency, short wavelength.uses medical imagin
gamma rays - high frequency, short wavelength. uses for toxic