AP Euro Unit 8: 20th Century Global Conflicts

World War I

Causes

  • Started with a conflict in Balkans

M - Militarism -

  • the idea to increase the military or mobilize to pursue national interests like gaining land, spreading idolgy, defend and increase national desires

  • The Industrial Revolution - states doubles their spending on weapons and diplomacy was looked at less of an option

  • Britain had best navy, Germany best army.

  • Germany tried to increase their navy, which made Britain feel threatned

A - Antagonistic Alliances

  • Bismark created the Dual Alliance with Austria and tried to do with Russia but failed

  • Tripple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) and Triple Entene (Britain, France Russia)

  • later Italy and Japan joined the Entene

  • later Ottomans joined the Alliance

N - Nationalism

  • Most military leaders thought that war was acceptable to increase national honor and to keep interests safe

  • Franco - Prussia War, Germnany took land, French wanted it back for revenge

  • Countries thought supiority

I - Imperial Competition - states competed for Africa and Asia

  • lots of competition. Morroco Crisis almost started a war France vs Germany

A - Assasination.

  • Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist in the black hand(countries conquered by ), called Gavrilo Princip, shot him.

  • Austria called for Germany (Blank check) to declare war to serbia.

  • Russia promised to protect the servians - then the alliance entanglement started

Social and Political Tensions - British Irish problems, French Antisemitism, Russia bankruptcy and Revolution 1905, unions rising,

New Tech and Tactics

  • Trench Warfare in West

    • on the Western Front, each side, France and Germany, would dig trenches and line them with Barbed Wire and Machine guns. in the “No mans Zone”, no one could pass. They would get killed

    • This was very slow war and stalemate

  • Chemical Weapons: Developed by Germany

  • Submarines: attacked ships from under

  • Airplanes: there but not perfected yet

  • new weapons favored the defensive which led to longer wars

  • Schilieffen Plan - Germany wanted to rapidly advance and bring down France but they hurt the Belgians and this agitated the Britsih and the u.S

  • East Warfare: loosing

  • The Entente was losing

Total War and Home Front

  • Civilians had to help out too

  • many thought it would be a short war and they liked it but then they realized it wasnt

    • All recorces for war

    • Texttile Factories were converted to factories for war

    • Rationing food

  • This led to discontent of the people and protests

  • Propoganda - to make the people want to fight

  • Eastern Rebellion - the Irish wanted Home Rule and the British tried but paused it during the war.

    • the Irish were heavily mobilized to help England and faced casualties.

    • On Easter Sunday, they rebelled

  • Russian Rev - another example

  • Imperalism

    • colonial soldiers were called. (Indians for British)

  • Armenian Genocide: ottoman killed Christians

  • Japan declared war on Germany to seize Asian Posrtians

End of WWI

  • American Intervanetion: 1917

    • Britsh Minister motivated.

    • Ships with Americans were sunk by Germans due to their submarine policies

    • America helped win the war

    • America loaned a lot of money and gained a lot of money.

  • The war ended with Treaty of Versailles

    • Germany and Hungary dissolved as powers

    • Germany blamed and had to take the guilt

    • Demilitarized

    • Colonial Possesions taken away

    • Government forced on them

    • made lands like the czechloslovakia and poland

The Russian Revolution

Russias Problems causes

  • Joining the War worsened the problems not all the russians got their weapons

  • The war was unpopular

  • Rasputin was influencing while Tsar was leading the army.

  • Political Stagniation:

    • Revolution of 1905: people began to demand liberal reforms

      • Tsar Nicholas II did some reforms like the Duma, but did not follow through (Octobo Manifesto).

    • Tsar Nicholas ruled with his army and was bad

  • Social Inequality: Elites and Aristocrats way richer. The gap was massive.

  • Incomplete Industrlization: Their deficiency in War showed the problems. Not enough clothing or weapons or ammo

  • Food and Land Distrobution: peasants were foodless

Revolutions

  • “Constitutional monarchy” → provisional gov → Bolshevik power and Soviet union

  • 1905 revolutions - creation of Duma but still weak

  • March Revolution: women factory workers protested because of the high bread costs

    • Tsar Nicholas was at war, and he told his troops to subdue the uprising, and the troops felt sympathetic and joined them. Nicholas lose control

    • The Duma took control and Nicholas abdicated the throne.

    • Provisonal Government - under kerensky influenced by the middle class

  • Bolsheviks take control (October revolution)

    • The provisional government was influenced by the middle class but the soviet councils that represented the workers had to be contended with (mostly socialists) -

    • Marxist Social Democratic Party

      • Mensheviks (moderate), Bolsheviks (radical, overthrow capitalism and Tsar) - led by Lenin

    • Lenin in 1917 sees an opportunity to overthrow the provisional gov and posted their April Thesis and force a revolution, not wait like Marx says

  • April Thesis: - Lenin

    • Peace land and Bread- leave the war, equal distribution of land, and bread

    • Worker Control of Production-no capitalism

    • All power to soviets-

  • Bolshevicks take control easy November 7, 1917, October rev

  • Creates Soviet Union

Russian Civil war

  • This forced agreement dissatisfied the anti-leninists and aristocracy

  • Anti - Communists “white forces” supported by other western countries

  • Leon Trotsky- right hand of Lenin, helped the communist army and got the people to fight for nationalism and won 1920s

Soviet Changes

  • New Economic Policy: Lenin no longer required small businesses to be private, but controlled larger institutions. (small Capitalism). Was sucesful

  • Left the war with the treaty of Brest Litovsk with Germany and gave up lands

Treaty of Versailles, and Peace Settlement

  • The victorious power did not agree on how they wanted Europe to continue

  • United States - Woodrow Wilson -

    • idealism.

    • 14 Points - reduction of arms among nations, open diplomatic relationships, self determination (choose own government and decisions)

    • League of Nationas - prevent wars. Failed. U.S didn’t even join to prevent any war. Germany and Rusia didn’t enter either.

  • Britain - David Lloyed George - prime minister. France - Clemencaeu

    • Wanted to Punish Germany. and prevent German aggression

    • Demilitarize, Reparations

  • Russia - very communist and distrusted by West.

  • The other countries taken from Russia were democratized

Treaty of Versailles

  • War Guilt Clause - the entire blame of war on Germany. Humiliation. Which leads to stuff

  • Reparations - pay for damage. Causes German economic ruins

    • U.S helped with the dawes plan

  • Demilliziatation - no navy, army with less than 100k, French Occupied Rhine, no airfroce

  • Land Cessions

  • Weimar Republic (reistag) - government that accepted this

  • Mandate System -

    • Russian Empire lost a lot of land, Austro-Hungraian disappeared. (new Borders)

    • Alllied powers promised Arab nations independence that were ruled by Ottomans. France and Britain mandated

Other -

  • Czechloslokakia was born Czecks and Slocvaks

  • Hungarian Independence

  • New Romanian Country

  • Yugoslavia creation

  • indepodnet Poland

  • all except Czechloslovakia was a dictatorship and had problems

Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression.

  • For a few years, there was peace.

  • worst in US and germany

  • World Wide Crash in 1931

  • Germany payed their dues at first, but as time went on, they became poor and printed more money, causing hyperinflation. SUPER BAD.

    • Daws Plan - Germany only had to pay what they could, and the U.S invested a lot into german recovery. Worked

  • Kellog - Briand Pact - renounced war as an instrument for polcify.

Great Depression Causes

  • Credit-Ansalt Bank fell and created fear → people withdrew money, stopped trusting banks → lower demands for industrial goods → less jobs → unenployment

  • War Dept - all countries borrowed money for war

  • Nationalistic Tarrif Policies - countries put high tariffs on foreign goods, but this closed circulation of money → unemployment

  • Overproduction- after the war, farmers did not lower production after war, leadinign to excessive goods and low prices.

  • Speculation - many people borrowed money and put in stocks in the U.S but there was a crash

    • October 1929 Crash

  • Great Depression started in U.S and Spread to Europe because U.S invested

  • Did not affect Russia because of their isolation economically

Unenployment

  • By 1932 - 25% of labor force in Britain was unable to find work. 40% in Germany

  • Women were more able to find jobs because they were cheap labor

Responses

  • Keynesian System of Economics - by Keynes British

    • Govnerment should spend more money to correct this.

    • Done in U.S under Roosevelt, this mobilized workers in public works

    • get the money moving

  • Cooperative Social Action - in Scandinavian states under socialism

    • Development of cooperative enterprises. (mix of socialism and capitalism)

    • increase welfare system paid by taxes

  • British National Government - united conservatives and liberals to respond

  • French Popular Front - mixture of socialists and capitalism

    • fought against rightists (facists)

  • Increased Tarrifs to protect

Facisism and Totalitarianism

  • Woodrill willson “war to protect democracy” Wrong

  • Facisist states increase

  • Facism “destroys notion of individual and instead push for a common community” -

    • extreme nationalism, racial heretige

    • viewed democracy and anarchial

    • the leader would represent the desires of the nation

    • did not support the enancipation of women

    • hated modern art

Causes of Facisim

  • Facists - obedience to an authoritarian leader and uses all resources for the leader

  • This seemed attractive

  • Post WWI bitterness:

    • The middle class declined and the working class grew

    • Women went to work while men didn’t and were angry

  • Rise of Communism: countries feared it

  • Ecnomic Stability: Great depression. Many out of work, and high inflation.

  • Rising Leaders: blamed current governments and told the people new solutions. Pople were up to it because it seemed like the only way out

  • Countries not used todemocracy

Italy

  • The Italian Gov could not effecivitly deal with all the problems

  • started before the great depression

  • Caused by Dissatsifdaction of WWI

    • they joined the Entente to go against Austria who had Italian Lands, they got some, but not all

    • New gov: Was based on voting and political parties which allowed Mussolinis Party to gain power

  • Problem: The working class saw the Bolsheviska and started to revolt and then middle class hated democracy and looked to Facism

  • Benito Mussolini: started as left but turn to right to gain power.

    • Founded the National Facist Party and formed the Lackshirts to fight the leftists and this gave them the support of the Middle class and Landowners

    • He was natioanlistiac

    • He threatened the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III to take over rome. THe king respndd making him prime minister

    • LAter he was granted dictatorial power

  • Totalitarian Tactics:

    • used modern tech and propaganda to spread his ideas. (democracy is bad, war is good, facism is good”)

    • Secret police “black shirts”, unrestricted violence to destroy opposition

    • Supported the Cathlic Church - Lateran Pact - and this allowed for the Pope to actually support

Germany

  • Weimar Republic led by President Ebert but then Socialists rose up

    • Put Down Socialists with the Free Corps and put down Luxembourg and Liebkenct

    • With the socialist down rightist became the new threat

    • Reparations - led to the government printing a crazy amount of money and this led to hyperinflation

    • Gustav Streseman- was reviving the government and relations. He joined the Leage of Nations, and stuff Before the depression

  • President Hidenburg led to a shaky Government and bad policies which was opposed by both sides

  • The Great Depression → Radical Solutions like the Facism

  • Adolf Hitler

    • Antisemintist

    • Became leader in 1920 of the National Socialist German Wokers Party (Nazi)

    • The Nazis gained power legally by getting more seats in the Parliment Reisteg

    • exiled → wrote Mein Kampf → returned

    • Chacellos 1933 - worked on consolidated power → emergency powers → enabling act which allowed him to govern and eliminate all other political parties

    • Eventually, Hitler gained dictatorial power

  • Tactics:

    • Emotional Natioalistic Speeches: were broadcasted and people really belvied him. He had te goal to restore germany

    • Joseph Goebells: propaganda minister who harnessed film.

    • Secret Police SA - organized by Hienrich Himmler

      • He was the architect of murder and concentration camps. He wanted to purify Germany

      • indoctrination of the youth

  • Religion: protestants expressed being against the nazi regime because it was like an idol

    • most germans were protestants

Spain Civil War

  • spain was in chaos

  • Monarchy → parliament 1931 →

    • the parlimentary government failed to do any good reforms leading to workers being radical

  • Economic problems led to collapse of democracy

  • 1936 leftists (popular front) took control -

  • Fransico Franco - led a violent seizure of power against popular front. leading to Civil War

    • Had support from Hitler and Mussolini (Germany and Spanish intervention)

    • They saw that Western powers didn’t do anything, leading to hitler to believe he can push his regime more

    • he doesn’t help hitler or Mussolini

    • he supported catholicism

  • Popular Front - fought against the facism

  • increased nationalism

  • Franco Won

Commuist Russia (Soviet Union)

  • Fascists and Communists were opposite but the same

  • Joseph Stalin replaced Lenin and censored a lot

    • he took Trotsky out of power and Baukhairn

    • took off all his opponents

    • millions arrested to Gulags in siberia

  • Five Year Plan - 1928 - massive fail

    • controlled economy

    • rapid industrialization and modernization to catch up - by stalin

    • still workers faced bad conditions and low pay

    • Collectivation of Agricultural Lands

      • It failed and led to many people being in despair and starving

    • War on Kulaks - Wealthy Peasnts artistocrats were stripped from land and starved

    • 10 million deaths

    • was successful in industry tho

  • Leon Trotsky and other opposers to lenin were all killed in the Great Purdge by Sectret police

  • Urkaine most affected. They were cut from their food Holomodor

Causes of WWII

  • Facists Rearmed:

    • Germany violated their Treaty Under Hitler. Rearmed Crazy.

    • They were able to do this cause Appeasement Policy (chamberlain prime minister) by Britain and France. So in 1935, they didn’t want to start another war by stopping them

    • Hitler Faced no consequences

    • The West kept distrusting the Soviets

  • Territorial Expansions:

    • Italy Invaded Ethiopia: and was successful. This threatened Britains Suez Canal.

    • Germany:

      • demilitarized Rhineland (Between France and Germany), which was to test how good the Appeasement Policy is.

      • Anschluss: Hitler annexed Austria 1938.

      • Annex Sudenteland/ Czechloslovakia (who was successful democracy)

      • Munich Agreement: Hitler agreed not to take more of Czechloslovakia if he got Sudenten terrotiroes but hitler later ignored it

      • Nazi- Societ Non Agression Pact - neither would attack each other and take Poland and split it. This was the last straw

        • Britain and France agreed that if Poland was invaded they would respond.

        • Soviets regained their land

World War II

  • Pacific -

    • Japan had policies of aggressive Expansionism to beat China and Russia to gain territories in asia

    • 1937 - Japan attacked china.

    • Japan was also Facist, and leaned towards German

  • European - Started in 1939 when hitler invaded Poland

  • Allied (USA, France, Britain, Soviets) vs Axis (Japan, Germany, Italy)

  • Blitzkreig - Lightning War

    • Combination of planes, tanks, and troops to break through enemy lines

    • allowed for Axis to dominate at first

    • to avoid trench warfare

  • 1940 - French Surrender

    • Hit by Axis unexpectedly

    • Vichy France - government established. Nazi Puppet France. under Petain end of third republic

    • they were following the old tactic and built the Mainot Line for trench warfare

    • Charles de Gaulle made the new French resistance against the Facists

  • 1941 - Opperasion Barbarosa

    • Hitler saught to gain Soviet Union for resources. Breaking the Pact.

    • He attacked through winter

    • Seige of Stalingrad - the Soviets were told not to give up. Germany lost many men

  • Britain was Left alone against the Nazi

    • New Prime Minister Churchill inspired the British to Continue the war no matter what

    • Battle of Britain: Hitler Bombed Britain Luftwaffe to weaken the peoples morale

      • This did not work, and it did the opposite effect. Churchhill encouraged the people

      • new tech and cracked the German code

  • U.S under Roosevelt saw that if Britain fell to Germany, that would be bad. So they supplied them.

    • The U.S became an industrial Giant providing materials

  • Japan Bombed Pearl Harbor 1941

    • U.S declared war.

    • They sent out Axis from Africa and Knocked out Italy from the war

  • D- Day 1944

    • Largest Invasion and freed France.

  • Battle of Midway:

    • U.S against Japan for Pacific. U.S won.

    • Started island Hopping

  • Hitler hid in Bunker and killed himself. May 7 Germany Gave up. VE-DAY

New Tech

  • Pople died the most

  • Incendiary Bombs - started fire

  • Atomic Bomb - created by Oppenheimer, U.S

    • Dropped in Hiroshima and Nagashaki.

    • Japan Surrendered

The Holocaust

  • Racial Order:

  • Hitler believed they were descendants of Aryans and that they were the master race. But he belvied that the Jews ruined it

  • 1935 - Nuremberg Laws

    • only Pure German Blood could be citizens

    • Jews cannot marry with germans

    • they were kicked from jobs

  • Kristallnacht in 1938 where Jews homes and Stores were all broken by Germans and they were taken to Camps

  • Jewish Emigration

    • most robust plan was to ship them to Madagascar but it was too hard

  • 1942 - Wansee Conference and Jewish Question

    • Reinhard Heydrich, Heinrich Himmler, Aldof Hitler formulated the Final Solution

    • It was their complete extermination

    • First shot, but this was inefficient

    • Death Camps - Jews were shipped to death camps. Some were sent to work, 70-80% were forced to forced into gas chambers. Then they were cremated.

  • Nazis also targeted more: soviets, salvic, roma, the disabled.

  • mostly jews from Poland

  • Also Contained: gay, trans, gender non conforming, Jehovas Witnesses, Russian Prissoners, communists, and the “underisreabes”

Post War -

  • world war II was much more destructive

  • Many civilian deaths

  • Jews had no where to go

  • Germans fled west bc soviets were harsh

  • Denazification and “Crimes Against Humanity”

Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Development

  • Beleif in Progress Shattered:

    • science solved a lot of things before and people thought it was big progress

    • World War I shattered this belief because science created weapons like gas. New machine Guns.

  • New Physics

    • Isaac Newtons Physics - was that everything was predictable. Datlon said it was atoms. Everyone thought this was already done. But no

    • Albert Einstein - time and space are not fixed. Theory of relativity

    • Heisenberg - atoms are not the smallest unit and its not predictable and we don’t know how they move

    • Bohr - found how to split atoms. Led to new bombds

  • Psychology -

    • Sigmund Freud - we behave in subconscious

  • Lost Generation -

    • the war led to a generation with lost morals

  • Women joined jobs

  • Modernism in Arts - sense of dislocaion, especially WWI, theories messing up perceptionof realty