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Origin of the Question of Hong Kong and Return to China

  • Hong Kong's return to China is rooted in Britain's military aggression and unequal treaties, leading to the occupation of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories.

    • Key treaties include the Treaty of Nanking (1842), Convention of Peking (1860), and Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory (1898).

  • China didn't recognize these treaties, citing international law and the UN General Assembly's removal of Hong Kong and Macao from the list of colonial territories.

  • The return process involved negotiations and the "One Country, Two Systems" policy proposed by Deng Xiaoping, formalized in the Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984).

  • The Basic Law institutionalized "one country, two systems," providing the legal basis for HKSAR's autonomy. The HKSAR was established on July 1, 1997, safeguarding sovereignty, maintaining stability, and setting a model for peaceful dispute resolution.

Hong Kong under \"One Country, Two Systems\"

Constitutional Relationship between the Country and the HKSAR

  • China is a unitary state with the Constitution as its fundamental law. The HKSAR's legal status is directly under the Central People's Government, with constitutional responsibilities to safeguard national interests. The constitutional basis of the HKSAR is the Constitution and the Basic Law.

Legal Basis of \"One Country, Two Systems\" and the Basic Law

  • "One Country" refers to the People's Republic of China, while "Two Systems" means socialism in the mainland and capitalism in Hong Kong and Macao. Article 31 of the Constitution allows special administrative regions to adopt different systems. The Basic Law is a national and constitutional law of the HKSAR.

Safeguarding National Security

  • National security, defined as the state of national interests being relatively safe, is viewed holistically, encompassing traditional, non-traditional, and emerging fields. The National Security Law punishes secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion, balancing rule of law and human rights to uphold “One Country, Two Systems”.

Political Structure of the HKSAR

  • The HKSAR's political structure divides executive, legislative, and judicial power with checks and balances. The Chief Executive is elected and appointed by the Central People's Government and assisted by the Executive Council.

Bodies of Power

  • Executive authorities: HKSAR Government headed by the Chief Executive.

  • Legislature: The Legislative Council (LegCo) is the legislature of the HKSAR.

  • Judiciary: The courts of the HKSAR at all levels.

  • District Organizations: District Councils are not organs of political power.

  • Public servants: Public servants must be dedicated to their duties, adhering to standards on Patriots Administering Hong Kong, including nationality restrictions, oath-taking, and National Security Law provisions.

The Rule of Law

Concept of the Rule of Law

  • The rule of law prioritizes high status of the law, universal and equal application, stability and transparency, protection of individual rights and freedoms, and judicial independence, ensuring checks and balances.

Significance of the Rule of Law

  • The rule of law protects human rights, establishes fair social environments and promotes economic development.

Fundamental Rights and Duties of Hong Kong Residents

  • Hong Kong residents, including permanent and non-permanent residents, possess fundamental rights such as equality before the law, political, civil, economic, social, cultural, legal, and judicial rights.

Fundamental Duties of Hong Kong Residents

  • Hong Kong residents include respecting others' rights, abiding by the law, respecting the Constitution and the Basic Law.

Contemporary Situation of the Country

Political Structure of the Country

  • China's political structure consists of a people’s democratic dictatorship and a socialist system. The National People’s Congress is the highest power.

Situation of the Ethnic Minorities in China

China’s Ethnic Relations and Ethnic Policies

  • China's ethnic policies promote ethnic equality, unity, and common prosperity among all ethnic groups.

Concept of Chinese Nationality and Chinese Citizens

Nationality and Citizen

  • A citizen is defined by their nationality. The PRC does not recognize dual nationality.

Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Chinese Citizens

  • Citizens' rights and freedoms are guaranteed with obligations to safeguard national unity.

Sense of National Identity

Identity and Sense of Identity

  • Identity is a pluralistic role taken by an individual, while a sense of identity is the affirmation of self-identity and belonging to a specific group.

Concept of the Sense of National Identity

  • A sense of national identity is the recognition of citizens towards their country, history, culture, language, and development.

Significance of the Sense of National Identity

  • National identity is the social and psychological basis for a country's existence.

National Symbols

  • China's national symbols include the national flag, anthem, emblem, and capital, protected by laws.

Achievements of the Country in Different Areas

  • China has made significant scientific and technological achievements, including breakthroughs in foundational research, high-end technologies, and intellectual property output, upgrading its industry chain.

Achievements in Medical Care and Public Health