neuro

OCT 510 – Week 2 Pre-Reading Assignment

Name: Abbey Barr_________________________

Chapter 1: Introduction to Neuroscience

Analysis of the Nervous System

Organization of This Book

1.        The cells of the nervous system are neurons________________ and ____glial cells________________.

2.        The nervous system can be divided into four regions: ____peripheral______, spinal________________, ____brainstem________________, and ____cerebellar________________.

3.        The central nervous system consists of the parts of the nervous system encased in bone, which include the _____spinal_______________ region, the _____brainstem_______________, and the ____cerebrum________________.

4.        A neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of a nerve cell body and the processes that extend outward: ___dendrites_________________ and __________the axon glial cells__________.

5.        ______Glial cells______________ cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and services for neurons, such as forming ______myelin______________ _____sheaths_______________ that insulate axons.

6.        The three vertical systems discussed are the ___autonomic_________________ system, the ____somatosensory________________ system, and the ______moter______________ system.

7.        The peripheral nervous system consists of all of the parts of the nervous system that are not encased in the _____vertebral_______________ _____column_______________ or _____skull_______________.

Application

8.        How does a therapist’s understanding of neuroscience enable them to help patients with nervous system damage?

A therapist being able to understand neuroscience is extremely important regarding enable the patient because individuals that experience nervous system damage struggle with simple task. This includes walking, sitting, and standing are just a few. With the understanding of neuroscience, the therapist can create reasonable goals and apply the right interventions for the patient.   

9.        What is the primary difference between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system?

The primary difference between the two is peripheral nervous system is not encased in the vertebral column or skull. While the central nervous system is encased in bone.

Match the vertical system to its primary function:

•       Autonomic System → b___

•       Somatosensory System → a_

•       Somatic Motor System → c_

a.                          Conveys information from the skin and musculoskeletal system to the cerebral cortex

b.                          Provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

c.                          Transmits information from the brain to skeletal muscles

Chapter 2: Neuroanatomy

Planes of the Nervous System

10.  A sagittal plane divides a structure into _____right_______________ and ________left____________ portions.

11.  A horizontal plane cuts across a structure at right angles to the long axis, creating a ___________horizontal_________ ______structure______________, or a cross-section.

12.  A coronal plane divides a structure into ______anterior______________ and ________posterior____________ portions.

Levels of Neuroanatomy

13.  White matter is composed of _____axons_______________ and

______myelin______________, which is an insulating layer with high fat content.

14.  A bundle of myelinated axons traveling together in the central nervous system is called a _______tract_____________ (or lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle, or capsule).

15.  Gray matter in the central nervous system contains primarily ______neuron cell______________ ______bodies______________.

16.  Groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called

__________ganglia__________; in the central nervous system, they are called __________nuclei__________ or ______cortex______________.

17.  In general, information is conveyed in ______gray______________ matter and integrated in _______gray_____________ matter.

Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems

18.  ___________Afferent_________ axons carry information from peripheral receptors toward the central nervous system.

19.  __________Efferent__________ axons carry information away from the central nervous system to structures like skeletal muscles.

20.  The spinal cord has two main functions: to _____convey_______________ information between the periphery and the brain, and to __________process__________ information, such as in a reflex.

21.  The brainstem is composed of the _____medulla_______________, __________pons__________, and _____midbrain_______________.

22.  There are _______twelve_____________ pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the surface of the brain.

23.  Cranial nerves are numbered according to their site of attachment to the brain, from __________anterior__________ to ______posterior______________.

24.  Most cranial nerves innervate structures in the head, face, and neck, with the exception of the ______vagus______________ nerve, which also innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera.

25.  The cerebellum consists of two large cerebellar ______hemispheres______________ connected in the midline by the _______vermis_____________.

26.  The cerebellum is connected to the posterior brainstem by large bundles of fibers called _______peduncles_____________.

27.  The primary function of the cerebellum is to ______coordinate ______________ ____movements________________.

The Cerebrum

28.  The cerebrum is the largest part of the central nervous system and is comprised of the _______diencephalon_____________ and the _____cerebral_______________ _________hemispheres ___________.

29.  The diencephalon consists of four structures: ________Thalamus____________, ______hypothalamus______________, _______epithalamus_____________, and ______subthalamus______________.

30.  The six lobes of each cerebral hemisphere are the frontal,

___parietal_________________, temporal, occipital, _____limbic_______________, and insular lobes.

31.  Within the cerebral white matter are three important areas of gray matter: the ______basal ______________ ______ ganglia ______________, the amygdala, and the ______hippocampus______________.

Cerebrospinal Fluid System, Meninges, and Blood Supply

32.  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a modified filtrate of plasma, circulates through the four cavities inside the brain, which are called the ______ventricles______________.

33.  The two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain are the

_____internal_______________ _________carotid___________ arteries and the ______vertebral______________ arteries.

34.  The Circle of Willis is an anastomotic ring of nine arteries that supplies all the blood to the _____cerebellum_______________ ______hemisphere______________.

Chapter 5: Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

35.  The functions of the human body require both ___chemical____________ and ________electrical _______ interactions among neural cells.

36.  Sensory information from peripheral receptors is conveyed to the _____spinal cord__________ and ______brain_________, where it is analyzed.

37.  Chemical and electrical interactions within the brain are responsible for ______memory_________ of experiences and movements.

38.  Neurons receive ______information_________, process it, and generate ______output_________.

39.  The four main parts of a neuron are ____dendrites___________,

_______soma________, ______axon_________, and _______presynaptic________.

40.  The ____dendrites___________ are branchlike extensions that serve as the main input sites for the neuron.

41.  The _____axon__________ sends information to other neurons, muscles, or glands and ends in _______presynaptic terminals________ that release chemicals called ____neurotransmitters___________.

42.  An _____action__________ potential is a large depolarizing signal that is actively propagated along an axon and is described as ____all___________ or ______none_________.

43.  Two structural adaptations that make axons conduct information faster are

______increased diameter of the axon_________ and _____myelination__________.

44.  ____Afferent___________ neurons carry sensory information to the CNS, while _______efferent________ neurons carry commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

45.  Neural stem cells are important because they can _____Self-renew__________, ____differentiate into most types of neurons and glial cells___________, and populate developing and degenerating regions of the CSN___________.

Chapter 6: Neural Communication: Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Transmission

46.  At a ____electrical___________ synapse, two neurons are physically joined by gap junctions, allowing current to spread almost instantaneously.

47.  The three main parts of a chemical synapse are the _____presynaptic__________ terminal, the ________postsynaptic_______ terminal, and the ______synaptic_________ cleft.

48.  Synaptic communication can occur on the dendrites, cell body, or axon of the postsynaptic neuron and are called _____axodendritic__________, ____axosomatic___________, or ____axoaxonic___________ synapses.

49.  When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, voltage-gated

________calcium_______ channels open, triggering neurotransmitter release.

50.  The strength of the message at a synapse is influenced by the amount___________ of neurotransmitter released and the _____length__________ it is released.

51.  Activity at a synapse can be increased by presynaptic _____facilitation__________ or decreased by presynaptic inhibition___________.

Fill-in-the-Blank Chart: Common Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators

Chapter 7: Neuroplasticity

52.  Neuroplasticity is the ability of neurons to change their ____Function___________, ____chemical ___________ profile, and/or ____structure___________.

53.  Neuroplasticity is essential for ____learning/creation of new memories___________ and ____recovery__________ from damage to the central nervous system (CNS).

54.  Habituation is a decrease in ___response____________ to a repeated, benign stimulus, and its effects are usually no longer present or are partially resolved_____________.

55.  ___Experience-dependent ____________ plasticity, also called use-dependent or activity-dependent plasticity, involves persistent, long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses and neural networks.

56.  Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) affect ___excitatory glutamatergic____________ synapses by changing either neurotransmitter release or receptor _____density__________ and efficiency.

Functional Reorganization of the Cerebral Cortex

57.  Cortical areas can reorganize through neuroplasticity, and the functional representation of body parts in the cortex is called a ___cortical maps____________ or homunculus___________.

58.  Performing skilled motor tasks regularly can enlarge the cortical representation of the corresponding body part, such as an enlarged finger map in proficient ____stringed___________ players.

59.  Following nervous system injury, ____active___________ movement and the ____dose (frequency, duration, and intensity)_ of rehabilitation influence recovery of neuronal function, while lack of active movement may lead to loss of function in adjacent brain regions.