Music

Movements of the 20th Century Music:

Impressionism

Expressionism

Neo-classicism

Avant-Garde

Modern Nationalism

Electronic Music

Chance Music

IMPRESSIONISM

A late 19th century classical composition style that focused on creating moods, emotions, and deviating from traditional harmonic progressions. It is a musical style that produces new indirect musical colors that lightly overlap in different chords with each other.

CLAUDE DEBUSSY was known as the "Father of the modern school of composition"." He injected new possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture and color which describe distinctive musical elements.

One of his famous composition is Claire De Lune.

MAURICE RAVEL

Joseph Maurice Ravel was regarded as "France's greatest living composer". Ravel is mainly characterized by having unique innovations. They are musically satisfying but also pleasantly dissonant, elegantly sophisticated, applying harmonic progressions and modulations. Jeux d'eau or Water Fountains is one of his compositions.

EXPRESSIONISM expresses the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Presents atonality and the twelve-tone scale revealing the composer's mind, expressing strong emotions, anxiety, rage, and alienation. often features a high level of dissonance, extreme contrasts of dynamics, constant changing of textures, "distorted" melodies and harmonies, and angular melodies with wide leaps.

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG - He was famous as the exponent of the twelve-tone system known as serial technique. His contribution to music includes atonality, meaning the absence of key evolved from an emphasis on chromatic harmony. Pierrot Lunaire is one of his famous compositions.

• NEO-CLASSICISM

It is light, entertaining, cool, and independent of its emotional content. The composition style uses the seven-note diatonic scale. This period combines tonal harmonies with slight dissonance which has a three-movement format like shifting time signatures, complex but exciting rhythmic patterns, as well as harmonic dissonance that produce harsh chords.

IGOR STRAVINSKY - His work uses scale, chords and tone color in a clear and traditional way with frequent changes in meter signature, offbeat syncopation, and displacing regular accent as he utilizes. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century and a pivotal figure in modernist music. One of his famous compositions is The Rite of Spring.

BELA BARTOK - Béla Viktor János Bartók was a Hungarian composer, pianist and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. He created a distinctive musical style using folk music. One of his compositions is Romanian Folk Dances.

• AVANT-GARDE

Considered as the vanguard of experimentation or innovation. Adopting extreme composition within a certain tradition the so-called "Experimental Music". It is considered to be at the forefront of innovation in its field, with the term "avant-garde" implying a critique of existing aesthetic conventions, rejection of the status quo in favor of unique or original elements, and the idea of deliberately challenging or alienating audiences.

GEORGE GERSHWIN American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned popular, jazz and classical genres. He was considered a phenomenal composer, a crossover artist. He is also known as the "Father of American Jazz". Rhapsody in Blue is one of his most famous composition.

LEONARD BERNSTEIN was an American conductor, composer, pianist, music educator, author, and humanitarian. Considered to be one of the most important conductors of his time, he was the first American-born conductor to receive international acclaim. West Side Story is the famous stage play of Bernstein.

PHILLIP GLASS - American composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century. Glass's work has been associated with minimalism, being built up from repetitive phrases and shifting layers. His style of music was criticized as uneventful and shallow because of its application to new sound yet effective and compelling style. His famous stage play composition is Einstein on the Beach.

• MODERN NATIONALISM refers to the use of musical ideas or motifs that are identified with a specific country, region or ethnicity, such as folk tunes, rhythms and harmonies inspired by them.

NIKOLAI RIMSKY KORSAKOV was credited with developing a nationalistic style of classical music. This style employed Russian folk song and lore along with exotic harmonic, melodic and rhythmic elements. He was a Russian composer, a member of the group of composers known as The Five. He was a master of orchestration. Flight of the Bumblebee is one of Korsakov's compositions.

• ELECTRONIC MUSIC

Group of music genres that employ electronic musical instruments, circuitry-based music technology and software, or general-purpose electronics (such as personal computers) in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromechanical means (electroacoustic music). Using electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and loud speakers to produce different sounds.

•MUSIQUE CONCRÈTE

Music that uses a tape recorder. The composer records different sounds that are heard in the environment such as the bustle of traffic, the sound of the wind, the barking of dogs, the strumming of a guitar, or the cry of an infant. These sounds are arranged by the composer in different ways like playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or in reverse.

PIERRE SCHAEFFER is the "Father of Musique Concrete." Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist, acoustician and founder of Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète. One of the famous compositions of Schaeffer is the Symphony for One Man Only.

EDGARD VARÈSE was considered an "Innovative French-born composer."

"Father of Electronic Music". He was also dubbed as the "Stratospheric Colossus of Sound." Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse was a French composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States. Varèse's music emphasizes timbre and rhythm; he coined the term "organized sound" in reference to his own musical aesthetic. lonisation is one of his compositions.

• CHANCE MUSIC - Also known as "Aleatoric Music", is a style of composition where certain elements of the music, such as pitch, rhythm, or form, are left to.

JOHN CAGE

John Milton Cage Jr. was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and son-stancard w use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to attain new sounds. 4 minutes and 33 seconds is one of his notable compositions.