Untitled Flashcards Set

Certainly! Here's a set of flash cards based on your BIO 202L Heart Midterm Review Guide:

❤ Flash Card 1
Q: What are the layers of the heart and the sacs that surround it?
A: The heart has three layers:

1. Epicardium (outer layer)

2. Myocardium (middle muscular layer)

3. Endocardium (inner layer).
   The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which includes the fibrous pericardium (outer sac) and serous pericardium (inner sac with parietal and visceral layers).

🫀 Flash Card 2
Q: What structures are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
A: The pulmonary circuit includes the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs (for gas exchange), pulmonary veins, and left atrium.

❤ Flash Card 3
Q: How does blood flow through the heart, and what are the major structures involved?
A: Blood flows as follows:

1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.

2. Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

3. Blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

4. Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

5. Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

6. Blood is pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta.
   Structures include the ligamentum arteriosum, fossa ovalis, pectinate muscles, trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, and heart valves.

🫀 Flash Card 4
Q: What are the structures of the heart chambers?
A:

• Right atrium: Contains pectinate muscles and fossa ovalis.

• Right ventricle: Contains trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles.

• Left atrium: Smooth walls with openings for pulmonary veins.

• Left ventricle: Thick myocardium with trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles.

❤ Flash Card 5
Q: Where are the apex, border, base, and origin of the heart located?
A:

• Apex: Located at the bottom of the heart, pointing left.

• Border: Right border formed by the right atrium; left border formed by the left ventricle.

• Base: Located at the top of the heart, where major vessels attach.

• Origin: The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs.

🫀 Flash Card 6
Q: What are the components of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A: An ECG includes:

• P wave: Atrial depolarization.

• QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.

• T wave: Ventricular repolarization.

❤ Flash Card 7
Q: What are the coronary vessels, and what are their functions?
A: Coronary vessels include coronary arteries (supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle) and coronary veins (remove deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle).

🫀 Flash Card 8
Q: Where are the sulci of the heart located?
A:

• Coronary sulcus: Encircles the heart, separating atria from ventricles.

• Anterior interventricular sulcus: Located on the front, separating the ventricles.

• Posterior interventricular sulcus: Located on the back, separating the ventricles.

❤ Flash Card 9
Q: What are the structures and functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins?
A:

• Arteries: Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

• Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels for gas and nutrient exchange.

• Veins: Thin-walled vessels that return blood to the heart.

🫀 Flash Card 10
Q: What is the location and general features of the heart?
A: The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs, behind the sternum, and above the diaphragm. It is a muscular organ with four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow.

Certainly! Here's a set of flash cards based on your BIO 202L Lymphatic Midterm Review Guide:

🛡 Flash Card 1
Q: What are the locations and names of the three types of tonsils?
A: The three types of tonsils are:

1. Palatine tonsils (located on either side of the throat)

2. Pharyngeal tonsil (also called adenoids, located in the nasopharynx)

3. Lingual tonsils (located at the base of the tongue).

🩺 Flash Card 2
Q: What are the components (organs) of the lymphatic system?
A: The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats).

🛡 Flash Card 3
Q: Where do B cells mature, and where are T cells located?
A: B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus and are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues.

🩺 Flash Card 4
Q: What are lymphatic vessels with afferent vessels?
A: Lymph nodes contain afferent vessels, which bring lymph into the node for filtration before it exits through efferent vessels.

🛡 Flash Card 5
Q: What is the largest lymphatic organ, and what is its function?
A: The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. It filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, stores platelets, and helps fight infections by producing lymphocytes.

Certainly! Here's a set of flash cards based on your BIO 202L Blood Midterm Review Guide:

🩸 Flash Card 1
Q: What are the components and major functions of blood?
A: Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Its functions include transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste, regulating temperature and pH, and protecting against infections.

🛡 Flash Card 2
Q: What are the different blood types?
A: Blood types are A, B, AB, and O, classified by the presence of antigens on red blood cells. Rh factor determines if the blood type is positive or negative.

🩺 Flash Card 3
Q: What are the components of a complete blood count (CBC)?
A: A CBC includes measurements of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV).

🛡 Flash Card 4
Q: What are the components of the circulatory system?
A: The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

🩸 Flash Card 5
Q: What are the functions of platelets?
A: Platelets help in blood clotting by forming plugs at injury sites and releasing chemicals to activate the clotting cascade.

🛡 Flash Card 6
Q: What is the function of white blood cells and how do they move throughout the body?
A: White blood cells fight infections and remove debris. They move through the bloodstream and tissues via diapedesis and chemotaxis.

🩺 Flash Card 7
Q: What are the different types of white blood cells?
A: Neutrophils (phagocytosis), lymphocytes (immune response), monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils (parasite defense), and basophils (allergic reactions).

🛡 Flash Card 8
Q: What are the structures of hemoglobin?
A: Hemoglobin consists of four globin chains (two alpha, two beta) and four heme groups, each containing an iron atom that binds oxygen.

🩸 Flash Card 9
Q: What is the function of fibrin?
A: Fibrin forms a mesh-like structure during blood clotting, stabilizing the clot and preventing further bleeding.

🛡 Flash Card 10
Q: What are the major arteries of the systemic circuit and their areas of service?
A: Major arteries include the aorta (body), carotid arteries (brain), coronary arteries (heart), and femoral arteries (legs).

🩺 Flash Card 11
Q: What are the Cardinal Signs of inflammation?
A: The Cardinal Signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Certainly! Here's a set of flash cards based on your BIO 202L Endocrine topics:

🩺 Flash Card 1
Q: What hormones are produced and secreted by the pituitary gland?
A: The pituitary gland produces hormones such as growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

🛡 Flash Card 2
Q: How does the endocrine system influence other systems of the body?
A: The endocrine system regulates processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress responses by releasing hormones that act on target organs throughout the body.

🧬 Flash Card 3
Q: What is the difference between positive and negative feedback in the endocrine system?
A: Positive feedback amplifies a response (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth), while negative feedback maintains homeostasis by reducing a response (e.g., insulin regulating blood glucose levels).

🩺 Flash Card 4
Q: What is the function of the pancreas in the endocrine system?
A: The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels and secretes digestive enzymes for nutrient breakdown.

🛡 Flash Card 5
Q: Which endocrine glands can be identified at the macroscopic and microscopic levels?
A: Pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, thymus, testes, ovaries, parathyroid glands, breast and axillary lymph nodes, and pancreas.

🧬 Flash Card 6
Q: What are the structures of the thyroid gland?
A: The thyroid gland consists of follicles filled with colloid, surrounded by follicular cells that produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), and parafollicular cells that produce calcitonin.

🩺 Flash Card 7
Q: What are the structures of the adrenal gland?
A: The adrenal gland has two main parts: the cortex (with layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis) and the medulla, which produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

🛡 Flash Card 8
Q: Where are the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas located?
A: The stomach is located in the upper left abdomen, the small intestine is below the stomach, and the pancreas is behind the stomach, extending horizontally across the abdomen.

🧬 Flash Card 9
Q: What are the functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A: ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output, and maintaining blood pressure.

🩺 Flash Card 10
Q: What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and medulla?
A: The adrenal cortex has three layers: zona glomerulosa (produces aldosterone), zona fasciculata (produces cortisol), and zona reticularis (produces androgens). The medulla produces catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline).

Let me know if you'd like additional flash cards or adjustments! 😊📚