Study Guide -- The Protestant Reformation

Study Guide – The Protestant Reformation

Your task: Please use your notes/textbook to help you fill out this study guide. Please DO NOT use google. The same language on google will NOT be the language used on the exam/in your notes.

Part I: Be able to answer the following questions:

Who was Martin Luther?-
* Martin Luther was a monk/ teacher. He was a heretic who did not agree with the Catholic Church’s teachings, because he thought it was corrupt. He penned the 95 theses and used the printing press to spread his message. He thought that faith only was needed for salvation, and that the pope was abusing their power. I dont know a single answer to these questions
What conditions existed during the Renaissance that may have led to the Reformation (ex: Christian Humanism)?
* Chrsitian Humanism, which had a goal to reform the church, people should read the bible more and sincerely change. They control their behavior, not god. There were criticisms of church practices, saying that there were too many external factors (rituals, fasts) and that faith should be more pure.
What practices in the Catholic Church did Martin Luther object to that led to the Reformation?
* Selling of Indulgences was a key thing that led Martin Luther to object to the church. All the rituals and fasts they had also something that led to the reformation because he believed that only faith was needed to achieve salvation.
What was Luther criticizing in the 95 Theses?
* The main thing that Luther criticized was the selling of indulgences, and how only faith is needed for salvation. He thought that the catholic church had very corrupt ideas because they were telling people that if you pay them, you would reach salvation. He also said that religion should be more pure, rather than having a lot of external factors.
What was the effect of the publication of the 95 Theses? How was it able to spread all throughout Europe?
* The publication of the 95 theses led to people reading them and being influenced by them. It was able to spread all throughout Europe because of the use of the printing press. He printed the 95 theses out and spread them across Europe, it was like modern day twitter.
Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by orders of the Pope (in the papal bull). What does that mean?
* Being excommunicated from the church means that you are excluded from the catholic church. You cannot attend rituals, masses and are deprived from the rights of being a member of the church. The pope was scared that they would lose power if Luther continued his movement, so he excommunicated him.
What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (include info on Charles V)?
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What is the significance of Luther translating the Bible to German (hint: think the vernacular)?
* When Luther translated the Bible to German, he made it more accessible for people to read it and get its message across. This would mean he had the support of the people in Germany because he made the Bible accessible to them. Vernacular is the language of the people of a certain region.
Where did the Reformation spread? Why did the Reformation spread? What were some of the Protestant branches that were formed?
* The reformation spread to Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire, and to France and Scotland. The reformation spread because People got a sense of freedom and started realizing how corrupt the church was. It also spread because other rulers such as King Henry, John Calvin and Anabaptists joined it and spread their message. Calvinism, Anabaptism were some of the branches that formed.
Why did Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church? What religion did he adopt for himself and his country?
* King Henry broke away from the Catholic church because he wanted to file a divorce with his wife, but the church did not let him. This made him mad so he broke away from it. He started the Act of Supremacy which meant that he had all the religious and political power over everyone. He abused his power and stayed close to Catholic teachings.
How did the Reformation impact the Netherlands (which was a part of Philip’s empire)?

Part II:

Explain the significance of the following terms/people:

Terms	Significance - How did this term contribute to the overall goals of the Reformation?
Christian Humanism	The goal is to reform the christian church, if people read the classics like the bible. They would sincerely change, instead of jesus being in the driver's seat, it is them
Purgatory	The idea of purgatory was the idea of something between heaven or hell. This spread during the catholicism reform.
Printing Press	The printing press allowed for Luther to print out papers with the 95 theses and spread them to everyone. It was like modern day twitter. He even printed out his theses and put them on the doors of the catholic church
Holy Roman Empire	die in a fucking hole.
Martin Luther	Martin Luther was one of the few people who had the courage to speak about the corruption of the Catholic Church. He made 95 of these and spread the Protestanism around.
Indulgence	Indulgences were something sold by the church which meant that they would forgive people’s sins for money. This was a very corrupt idea and what is believed to be the “trigger” that led to the Protestant Reformation.
Edict of Worms	The Edict of Worms was a decision made by the Imperial Diet (diet of worms that Luther should be locked up and sent to the empire and his works would be burnt.
Protestantism	Was a time period in Europe where there was a widespread religious reform movement, it divided the people into 2 groups. Led by Martin Luther, he was not a reel but it did lead to bloody protests
Excommunicate	Being excommunicated meant that you would be excluded from the catholic church. The pope decided to excommunicate Luther because they were scared they were going to lose power if he continued spreading his message.
Heresy/Heretic	Heretics were a group of people who criticized the catholic church. Religious group who did not agree with the medieval church’s teachings. Many of them still thought of themselves as christians, just not “fully.”
Predestination	Predestination is when God has already determined your path to heaven or hell. You can do whatever in life, you have no control over your destiny, it stressed that no one could be certain of their salvation.
Charles V	He was the King of Spain during the protestant reformation and the holy roman emperor. He is known for defending catholicism, which also meant a lot of people followed him and for fighting the ottoman empire.
Henry VIII	He did not believe in Protestantism at first. He had a wife, and he wanted to divorce her but the catholic church did not let him, so he left the Church and joined Reformation. He got the act of supremacy which meant that he was the ruler of everything, he abused his power and stayed close to catholic teachings.
Council of Trent	In March 1545, a group of cardinals archbishops, abbots and theologians went meet off for 18 years in the city of trent, they wanted to spread catholicism
Ulrich Zwingli	He was a swiss reformer, who would influence religious reforms. He would have all the paintings/ decorations in the church removed. There would be new types of readings and mass was changed. He had an alliance with luther. In 1531, war broke out between the catholics and protestantism and He was killed harshly.
John Calvin	John Calvin started a new reformation called Calvinism. Leader of protestantism. He was from France, he was very similar to Luther he published his disapproval of the Catholic Church.
Calvinists	Calvinsits were followers of the reformation that John Calvin created. They believed in Justification, which was the process of being deemed worthy for salvation. And predestination, they were doing god’s work
Anabaptists	They believed in complete separation of the church and the state. They refused to partake in violence, “thou shall not kill.” They believed in adults being baptized and not kids.
Catholic (Counter) Reformation	This happened in the 16th century. Catholicism regained what they lost and got strength. Reform of papacy, establishment of new religious morals and the council of trent
Utopia
Desiderius Erasmus/In Praise of Folly	He believed that christianty should show people how to live. External factors such as fasts and pilgrimages are not doing anything. He wrote the praise of folly which criticized society’s moral and religious state. He called for a simpler and puer faith
John Wycliffe	John Wycliffe was similar to Martin Luther, except he was not as confrontational or direct with his criticisms of the church. He wrote documents and speeches about their corruption and wrong doings but did not make a big effort to spread them.
Theocracy	government system that does not involve separation of church and state; constitutional law based off of religion