5.1-5.3

Sigmund Freud: Proposed self-development is linked to early developmental stages; failure to engage/disengage from stages affects adulthood.
Erik Erikson: Expanded on Freud, theorizing personality develops across eight stages from birth to death, emphasizing social aspects over psychosexual ones.
Jean Piaget: Focused on social interactions in child development, viewing self as evolving through a negotiation between individual mind and social experience.
Nature vs. Nurture: Debate on whether self-development is influenced by genetic makeup (nature) or social environment (nurture).
Harry Harlow: Studied the impact of isolation and maternal deprivation on rhesus monkeys, demonstrating the importance of social relationships and attachment for emotional support.

Psychology: Focuses on how the mind influences behavior (inward-looking: mental health, emotional processes).
Sociology: Studies the role of society in shaping behavior (outward-looking: social institutions, cultural norms, interactions).
Émile Durkheim: First to distinguish, attributing differences in suicide rates to social causes (religious differences) rather than psychological ones.

Charles Cooley: Introduced “the looking glass self,” where self-understanding is shaped by how we perceive others view us.
George Herbert Mead: Defined the self as a person’s distinct identity developed through social interaction, requiring the ability to view oneself through others' eyes. Proposed stages of self-development:
- Preparatory Stage: Children imitate others without understanding.
- Play Stage: Children take on the role

Sigmund Freud: Proposed self-development is linked to early developmental stages; failure to engage/disengage from stages affects adulthood.
Erik Erikson: Expanded on Freud, theorizing personality develops across eight stages from birth to death, emphasizing social aspects over psychosexual ones.
Jean Piaget: Focused on social interactions in child development, viewing self as evolving through a negotiation between individual mind and social experience.
Nature vs. Nurture: Debate on whether self-development is influenced by genetic makeup (nature) or social environment (nurture).
Harry Harlow: Studied the impact of isolation and maternal deprivation on rhesus monkeys, demonstrating the importance of social relationships and attachment for emotional support.

Psychology: Focuses on how the mind influences behavior (inward-looking: mental health, emotional processes).
Sociology: Studies the role of society in shaping behavior (outward-looking: social institutions, cultural norms, interactions).
Émile Durkheim: First to distinguish, attributing differences in suicide rates to social causes (religious differences) rather than psychological ones.

Self-development is shaped by both individual psychology and social interaction.
Charles Cooley: Introduced “the looking glass self,” where self-understanding is shaped by how we perceive others view us.
George Herbert Mead: Defined the self as a person’s distinct identity developed through social interaction, requiring the ability to view oneself through others' eyes. Proposed stages of self-development:
- Preparatory Stage: Children imitate others without understanding.
- Play Stage: Children take on the role of specific others.
- Game Stage: Children learn to consider multiple roles simultaneously and understand the "generalized other."
Lawrence Kohlberg: Studied stages of moral development (how we learn right vs. wrong).
Carol Gilligan: Added gender perspective to Kohlberg’s work—argued moral development differs between men and women.

Socialization helps maintain culture and societal stability.
It’s essential for individual development.
Influenced by:
- Nature: Genetic/biological traits.
- Nurture: Social environment.
Sociology focuses more on nurture—how society shapes behavior (e.g., by class, gender).

Primary agents: Family, peers, schools, media.
Teach norms, values, and expected behaviors.
Formal agents (e.g., schools) and informal agents (e.g., peer groups) both play roles.

Socialization continues throughout life—new roles require learning new behaviors.
Resocialization: Replacing old behaviors with new ones (e.g., entering military, prison).
Anticipatory socialization: Preparing for future roles (e.g., job training, parenting classes).
Degradation ceremony: Stripping away old identity to form a new one in total institutions.