Human Anatomy and Subdisciplines

Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy and physiology are building blocks in the study of biology.
  • Anatomy is a branch of biology that focuses on the structure of an organism.
  • Physiology is a branch of biology that focuses on the function of an organism.
  • In the field of medicine, human anatomy and physiology cover the following areas:
    • Disease states within the body.
    • Therapeutic strategies used to intervene, target, and treat various diseases in humans.

Human Anatomy

  • Anatomy is defined as the study of the structure of an organism and its relationship with other parts.
  • This study encompasses building blocks of all sizes, ranging from the largest organs to the smallest cells.
  • The study includes the physical positioning of these components within the organism.

Subdisciplines of Human Anatomy

  • Gross Anatomy:
    • This is the study of body structures that are visible to the naked eye.
    • It is typically conducted through the process of dissection.
  • Microscopic Anatomy:
    • This subdiscipline involves the study of body structures on a smaller level that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
    • It usually requires the use of optical instruments, such as microscopes.
    • Key components include:
      • Histology: The study of tissues within organs.
      • Cytology: A focus on the cellular structure of an organ or specific body part.
  • Regional Anatomy:
    • This is the study of structures based on specific regions or divisions of the body.
    • It often utilizes imaging tools and specialized techniques to visualize certain areas of the body.
    • Examples of tools used include x-ray radiography.
  • Systemic Anatomy:
    • This subdiscipline involves the study of structures that comprise a distinct organ system.
    • It is particularly important in the understanding of diseases.
    • A critical understanding in systemic anatomy is that most diseases negatively affect multiple organs and organ systems simultaneously.
    • It focuses on how separate organs contribute to the overall structure and function of an organ system and the organism as a whole.
    • It explores how disease states may alter the normal conditions of these various systems.