Mat decor 1.2/2

Fabric Design

  • Structural Design: Yarn type and arrangement, Weaves, knits and variations

  • Applied Design: Printing

Printing

  • Block printing: oldest method of printing design on fabrics.

  • Stencil printing: the design is cut on a cardboard, wood or metal. A color is applied penetrating only the cut portion.

  • Burn-out printing: acids are used in this type of printing.

  • Discharge or extract printing: the color is discharged or removed from the fabric, thus, creating a design.

  • Roller printing: machine counterpart of hand block printing

  • Duplex printing: printing which creates design on the face and back of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern. Achieve with the use of duplex machine or the roller printing machine

  • Resist printing: batik printing is the best example of resist printing. Uses a substance to prevent dye from reaching certain areas of fabric, creating patterns.

  • Photo printing: same method in developing a photograph; the fabric to be printed is covered with chemicals that are sensitive to light.

  • Plisse printing: chemicals are used to produce the puckered design.

  • Warp printing: the warp yarns are printed, usually with the use of rollers, before they are woven into a fabric.

  • Screen printing: a lacquer coating is applied to all parts of the screen on which the design does not appear. The screen is put on top of the fabric to be printed and the dye or printing paste is sprayed, painted or rubbed back and forth with a rubber paddle called a squeege

  • Transfer printing: transferring prints from pre-printed release papers to fabrics.

  • Free hand painting: done for special purposes; simplest method of fabric designing

Applied Design - Others

  • Applique: applying one piece of fabric to another larger piece

  • Embossed designs: are raised designs found on the surface of the fabric

  • Flocked designs: tiny pieces of fiber, called flocks are made to stick to the fabric.

  • Glued or pasted design: are cut out designs held to the fabric surface by the use of glue or an adhesive

  • Moire design: watered appearance

Fabrics For Floor Coverings

  • Carpet: General designation for, Provides floors with both resilience, and warmthin a wide patterns.

Types of Fibers Used

Natural Fibers

  • Wool: Generally, the most expensive carpet fiber; Naturally flame resistant. New Zealand wool absorbs dye easily; colors with great clarity and uniformity, staples are lustrous and tough, and color is almost white, Argentinean wool - noted for its gloss and sheen with natural resistance to soiling, Indian wool crush resistant wool., Iraqi wool-high abrasion resistance and durability, Scottish wool-finest of all carpet wool

  • Sisal (Scratch Rush): Natural products that grow like grass, Strong and woody fiber produced from the leaves of the agave plants, Tends to stain and crush easily, but still stronger and durable than any natural fiber; Colorfast and static-free Used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats and rope

  • Coir (Coconut Plush): tough, does not pill, can withstand a great deal of abrasion, highly resistant against insect

  • Cotton: softer than wool but less durable

  • Jute: the softest of all natural fibers. Darken when exposed to sunlight and disintegrates with prolonged to moisture

  • Maize: made from corn husks

Synthetic Fibers

  • Nylon: Most popular fiber used; Versatile and easy to maintain and clean and withstand with high foot traffic Usually combined with wool for durability

  • Acrylic: One of the first synthetic fibers to be used successfully in the production of carpet; Highly resistant to sunlight, stains and mildew

  • Modacrylic: It has better heat retention and is flame retardant as compared to acrylic

  • Polyester: Soft and luxurious Strong and durable with abrasion resistance It has low static build-up factor

  • Polypropylene Olefins: Newest and one of the most economical Comparable to nylon in durability, strength and wear resistance; Lightest commerdal carpet fibe; Absorbs little moisture resists stains, cleans well, and almost completely free of static build up.

Brand Names

  • Acetate-brand names like avisco, celaire, cromspun, estron

  • Azlons-brand name like vicara

  • Rayons avicolor avicron, avsio, corval, fibro, kolorbon, skybloom, skylaft, soluran, spunvis, stylux, tufton

  • Saran like rovana, saran.

  • Triacetate brand names like arnel

Combination of Two or More Fibers into a Single Carpet Yarn

  • Objective of blending: performance standards, a more appealing aesthetic quality and improved economics; Example: 70% wool and 30% nylon = abrasion resistance (nylon) and the warmth and luxury (wool).

Parts of a Carpet

  • Face: the wearing surface of carpet or rugs

  • Primary backing: yarns' ground; foundation of yarns

  • Latex to glue on the roots of the yarns onto the cotton canvas cutting

  • Secondary backing also known as carpet pad; often woven jute or polypropylene.

Methods of Manufacturing Carpets

  • Tufting

  • Weaving

  • Knitting

  • Needle punch Carpet

  • Flocked carpet

Tufting

  • Far less expensive and faster to produce woven carpet

  • For mass production of affordable carpet

Weaving

  • Traditional way of making a carpet on a loom

  • Most woven carpet is heavy, dimensional stable and strong

  • Does not required secondary backing

Knitting

  • Similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are made in a single operation;

  • A knitting machine uses three sets of needles to loop the pile backing yarn and stitching yarns together. With latex coating on the backing part for strength and body

Needle Punch Carpet

  • Fibers (usually acrylic or polypropylene) are punched into a web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber.

Flocked Carpet

  • Electrostatic methodfibers are electro statically, treated and sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheetwhich has been treated with adhesive

Textures of Carpets: Cut Pile

  • Cut Pile Plush

    • Has a luxurious look and feel

    • Subject to shading and shows footmarks

    • Saxony Plush

      • Uses thicker yarns

      • Texture between cut pile plush and cut pile

    • Twist/frieze

    • Shag

      • Heavier, rougher texture

      • Made in solid color or multi-tone effect

      • Multi-directional, high pile twist, giving an attractive informal look

      • It has heavily textured surface created by the long, twisting yarns

  • Loop Pile

    • Created by weaving, tufting, or knitting the pile yarns into loops.

    • Left uncut; sometimes referred to as round wires in woven carpet

    • Tougher and more easily maintained than cut pile

  • Combination Loop and Cut Pile

    • Adds a degree of warmth to an all loop pile. It can be produced in tufted and woven construction

  • Sculptured textures

    • Carving

      • Process of incising a design into a carpet or rug which has already been woven

    • Sculptured textures:

      • recessing

        • Is the process actually weaving a design into a low level rather than shearing down or carving it into the carpet

      • Embossing

        • Is the process of weaving a design in a higher level

      • Beveling

        • Rounding off those parts of a carpet that have already been carved, recessed or embossed

Methods of coloring

  • Dyeing

    • Coloration in carpet can be achieved at three possible times in the manufacturing process: during fiber development, before the carpet is tufted or before the secondary backing is applied.

  • Printing

    • Screen printing

      • Employs flat templates, or screens, through which dyes form the finished pattern on the carpet

    • Deep-dye printing

      • Similar to screening. An electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallized dyes used in this process deep into the pile.

    • Roller printing

      • Employs embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet. Each cylinder paints a different color.

    • Jet printing

      • Utilize rows of very closely spaced jets which spray the carpet with color as it passes by.

    • Rotary screen printing

      • A combination of roller and screen printing in which a perforated cylindrical screen issued to apply color.

Rugs

  • A single piece compact, woven, knitted, or tufted fabric, has boarders, and intended as a floor covering

  • Each rug is a separate unit and is meant to cover only a portion of the floor area, and not the whole floor

Classification

  • Antique

    • 100 years or more.

    • Purists believe that oriental rugs are antique only if it dates prior to 1856 before synthetic dyes where in use

  • Semi-antique or old

    • Between 50 and 100 years old

  • Possible values in oriental rugs

    • Utility value-depends entirely on the durability of the fabric as a floor covering as floor covering;

    • Art value-depends upon the color and design rather than upon the texture;

    • Collector's value-depends upon the rarity of the art value

Parts of a Rug (Oriental)

  • Warps

    • The parallel strings stretched from loom beam to loom beam upon which rows of knots are tied. Strongest part of the rug

  • Wefts

    • The filling yarn that are woven through the warps, they run across the width of the rug, over and under the warp strings and between rows of knots.

  • Pile

    • The surface yarn that makes up the face of the rug

  • Knots

    • Are tied by looping yarn around pairs of warps and cutting off the standing end. The end of the knot become the pile or nap of the rub

  • Edge bindings

    • Made by wrapping several warps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce this part of the rug

  • End finishes

    • Holds knots and weft from working off the rug's

  • Fringes

    • Are formed by gathering and knotting together bundles of warp strings at both ends of the rug after the been cut from the loom.

  • Field

    • Is the background of the rug inside the borders. It may be solid or patterned.

  • Border

    • Is composed of decorative designs repeated in one direction around the outside of the rug

      • Main border

        • Is the widest decorative design around the outside of the rug

      • Guard borders

        • Narrow decorative designs flanking the main boarders

  • Medallion

    • Is the round, oval or polygonal design element that sometimes occupies the center of the field

  • Corner Brackets or Spandrels

    • Are design which sometimes fill the corners of the field

Weaving Methods

  • Machine woven

    • Axminster

    • Velvet

    • Wilton loom

    • Chenille

  • Hand woven

    • Braided

    • Crocheted

    • Embroidered

    • Hand hooked

    • Hand tufted

    • Hand knotted

      • Persian knot

      • Turkish knot

  • Flat weave

Classifications of Oriental Rugs By Pattern Type

  • Geometrical rugs

    • Rugs of primitive and tribal people of Persia

    • Kazakh - woven with sharp reds, blues and off whites

    • Bachtiari - bright yellows, greens and red

    • Boukara - woven rugs usually in some shade of red and until recently, some in ivory predominate

  • Floral Rugs

    • Usually made of fine quality wool. Intricate flowing patterns indicate a sophisticated lifestyle.

  • Conventional Rugs

    • Tend to use repetitive, stylized, conventional rugs;

    • Small motifs are repeated again and again.

    • Persian

      • Generally, have a delicately colored all-over pattern of flowers, vines or leaves, which start from a center medallion and almost completely cover the background color;

      • Soft and delicate colors blending with one another.

    • Indian

      • Decorated with motifs of flowers, vines and animals;

      • Characterized by more brilliant colors and a more naturalistic style.

Classification of oriental rugs by geographic origin

  • Turkoman

    • Closely woven with a short, firm pile, predominantly red with designs including squares, diamonds, octagons and other simple angular motifs.

  • Caucasian

    • Small rugs with contrasting, strong colors woven by nomadic tribes with geometric designs, often incorporating stylized people and animals.

  • Turkish

    • Sometimes called Asia Minor, woven in both geometric and floral designs but with smaller patterns than the Persian or Indian;

      • Brighter, sharper colors

  • Chinese

    • Prayer rugs

      • Recognizable by their soft ground colors of yellow, rose, salmon-red, beige, browns (with the use of silk dyes)

      • Pattern in one blue color

      • Designs are Chinese religious symbols

Other Hand Made Area Rugs

  • American Indian

    • Colorful hand-woven rugs (Navajo) of wool. Motifs are primitive geometric patterns, st boarders. Weave is flat

  • Alpujira (Spanish)

    • Coarse, heavy rugs originally meant as bedspreads, hand-loomed by peasants in alpujira, spain.

    • Bold designs woven in 2 to 10 colors; include tree of life patterns flowers, leaves and grapes

  • Arraiolo

    • Hand embroidered accent rugs made in either bright

  • Aubusson

    • Named for French town of Aubusson;

    • Made of wool, linen, and cotton;

    • Usually has a plane cream ground with floral designs and arabesques in pastel shades of rose, blue, lavender, green and beige;

    • Weave resembles needlepoint;

  • Braided-Hand-Made (American)

    • Consisting of many scraps' fabric braided and sewn together into colorful round or oval rugs of various sizes.

  • Dhurrie (Tibetan)

    • Is a flate woven and reversible rug

      • Old times: with bold geometric designs in bright colors

      • Modern Times: Subdued Color and Patterns

  • Flokati (Greek)

    • Shaggy wool area rug in solid colors as well as natural off-white shade.

  • Kelim/Kilim/Kelem (turkey, italy, romania, persian gulf states, morocco or hungary)

    • Hand woven rugs with all-over geometric patterns with a center motif.

  • Moroccan

    • Hand woven with thick, shaggy pile and fringed edges. Dominant geometric patterns with strong contrasting colors like black and rust brown, white or bright orange on red grounds.

  • Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-Point)

    • Tapestry-stitch embroidery worked with wool yarns on a canvas mesh backing

  • Rya (Scandinavian)

    • Hand knotted shaggy weave with alternating short and long pile, in abstract or contemporary peasant designs.

  • Savonnerie

    • Designed for century houses and palaces during 18th and 19th century

    • Hand woven rug with a high pile, in pastel colors and floral and scroll patterns

    • Produced in the rug factory at the former soap Paris and sewn into squares.

Upholstery

Types of Upholstery:

  1. Cotton

  2. Silk

  3. Wool

  4. Leather

  5. Flax / Linen

  6. Nylon

  7. Polyester

  8. Olefin

  9. Vinyl

  10. Acrylic

  11. Acetate

  12. Rayon

  13. Polyester and Nylon blend
        

  14. Abrasion

    • Wyzenbeek (American Fabric Test) and Martindale (European Standard In Fabric Test) tests are the 2 methods commonly used to predict wearability.

      • 3,0003,000 rubs is equivalent of 1 year use in Martindale

      • 900900 double rubs in Wyzenbeek (x 33%33\% from rubs

Fabric Properties

  • The actual performance of a fabric is determined by many factors such as "fiber content, weaves, "finishes, furniture design, maintenance, cleaning and usage.

  • Durability of an upholstery fabric is a complex interaction of a number of performance tests that, in addition to abrasion, includes seam slippage, pilling, tensile strength, and usage.

    • 3,000−9,0003,000-9,000 double rubs (Wyzenbeek method) residential

    • 9,0009,000 −- 15,00015,000 double rubs for commercial application

    • 15,00015,000 −- 30,00030,000 double rubs for heavy duty application

    • 30,00030,000 and up extra heavy-duty application

Basic Fabric Properties

  • Yarn/seam/slippage: measures the ability of a sewn seam to resist slippage or breakage when subject to tension.

  • Breaking tensile strength: measures the extension length of fabric to it's breaking point.

  • Colorfastness to light: measures resistance to fading or color degradation when exposed to light.

  • Colorfastness to dry and wet crocking: measures fabrics' ability to withstand wet and dry rubbing without color degradation or the transfer of color.

  • Pilling: a test to measure the amount of pilling (formation of fuzzy balls on the surface of the fabric) and the fuzzing that will occur.

Leather

  • Durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide (cow skin)

Leather Types

  • Ostriches Leather - Hermes, Prada, Gucci, Louis Vuitton

  • Stingray leather-wallet and belts

  • Kangaroo leather-motorcycle leathers, soccer footwear, boxing speed bags

  • Lamb and deerskin - used for soft leather in apparel

  • Deer and elkskin - work gloves and Indoor shoes

  • Suede leather

    • Most commonly refers to a type of leather with a soft, napped finish

    • Suede leather is made from the inner splits of a side of leather