Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cellular elements;

Nucleoid- central region with DNA, circular chromosomes, haploid.

Inclusions- storage structures.

Plasmids- High copy, small, circular DNA.

Endospores- dormant, hardy structures, clinically important.

Fimbrae- numerous, short, bristly appendages that aid in attachment.

Pili- fewer and longer than fimbrae, sex pilus.

Cell wall- osmotic pressure, gram+ and gram- unique features.

Ribosomes- 70S ( 50S + 30S ).

Plasma membrane- fluid mosaic model, phospholipid bilayer, transport mechanisms.

Flagella- taxis; basal body, hook, filament, run and tumble.

Glycocalyx- sugar coat for adhesion and protection.

S-layer- outer layer for support, unknown permeability.

Eukaryotic Cell elements;

Nucleus- DNA with membrane, linear chromosome, nuclear lamina, nucleolus, etc.

Mitochondria- Aerobic respiration, two membranes (outer and inner).

Er- synthesis of various molecules, transport vesicles.

Golgi apparatus- modifies lipids and proteins, secretory vesicles.

lysosomes- compartmentalized digestions.

Chloroplasts- Photosynthesis, thylakoids, inner and outer membrane.

Peroxisomes- Lipids synthesis and molecule degradation, specialization.

Cytoskeleton- microfilaments, intermediate filament, microtubule

Cilia- locomotion, particle movement.

Ribosomes- 80S (40S + 60S)

Plasma membrane- fluid mosaic model, sterols, membrane transport system, endocytosis (phago and pino ), exocytosis

Cell wall- different for fungi, plants, protists, and algae

Flagella- Flexible; 9+2

ECM- Proteoglycans and fibrous proteins help maintain stability with no cell wall.