Driving School

Stress Management - Agile Bullet Points

- Introduction to Stress
- Stress affects mood, relaxation, and clear thinking.
- Important to be calm and tension-free while driving for safety.
- Stress = physical, mental, emotional tension requiring immediate, fair decisions.
- Causes: feelings, events, experiences causing frustration, anger, confusion, nervousness.
- Stress is the body’s reaction to challenges or needs.

- Levels of Stress (Stress-o-meter)
1. Relaxed: Cause present, no effect yet.
2. Manageable: Emotions still controlled.
3. Stressed: Negative reactions felt.
4. Anxiety: High emotionality, doubts, anxiousness.
5. Panic: Confusion, mixed emotions, instinct-driven, no clear thinking.

- Common Causes of Stress While Driving
- Personal and family problems.
- Heavy traffic congestion.
- Excessive noise from horns and mufflers.
- Undisciplined/disrespectful motorists, passengers, pedestrians.
- Malfunctioning traffic lights, faulty pavement markings, unclear road signs.
- Improperly parked vehicles.
- Inefficient traffic enforcers.
- Detours, rerouting, road closures without proper notice.
- Vehicles faking emergencies.
- Oncoming vehicles with bright or non-dimmed headlights.
- Tailgaters and sudden stops by vehicles ahead.
- Vehicles insisting on right of way.

- Effects of Stress on the Body
- Brain: depression, anxiety, panic attacks, other illnesses.
- Heart: increased blood pressure, higher heart attack risk.
- Lungs: difficulty breathing, possible asthma attacks.
- Stomach: pain.
- Muscles, bones, joints: frequent pain.

- Handling and Avoiding Stress
- For personal/family stress:
- Identify root cause and find solutions.
- Maintain confidence and coping belief.
- Meet personal needs: rest, recreation, pleasure.
- Discuss family issues openly; seek support.
- For traffic/road-related stress:
- Focus on destination and safety.
- Listen to music to relax.
- Stay alert and avoid irritation.
- Accept that frustration won’t improve conditions.
- For unlawful/unreasonable traffic enforcers:
- Practice patience.
- If arrested, ask for violation details, officer’s name, agency.
- Contest unlawful arrests properly.
- Avoid ill-tempered reactions.
- For undisciplined motorists/pedestrians:
- Stay calm.
- Avoid confrontations.
- Prioritize safe, hassle-free travel.

- Importance of Fighting Stress
- Stress is common; managing it is essential.
- Drivers must control emotions for safe driving and others’ safety.

- STRESS MANAGEMENT Acronym for Coping
- Smile and laugh: Focus on joy, enjoy with loved ones.
- Talk yourself through it: Self-control and positive self-talk.
- Relax, enjoy, be happy: Choose calmness and happiness.
- Eat right: Nutritious food, hydration to balance hormones.
- Spend time with family, friends, pets: Safe zone for support.
- Sleep well and better: Proper rest to reduce stress.
- Meditate and focus on present: Clear mind, reflect, calm thoughts.
- Almighty (pray): Surrender burdens, have faith, accept uncontrollable things.
- Notes: Write feelings, ideas, dreams to release negativity.
- Avoid too much caffeine: Excess causes nervousness, rapid heartbeat.
- Gum: Chewing helps relax and stay alert.
- Exercise: Improves oxygen flow, mental and physical fitness, prevents cramps.
- Music: Creates positive mood, improves focus and driving manners.
- Embrace and cuddle: Affection reduces stress, improves well-being.
- No (learn to say): Set limits, prevent overload, clarify expectations.
- Take deep breaths: Inhale positive, exhale negative, improve oxygen flow, stay calm.

- Final Reminder
- Primary goals as drivers: maintain order on the road and reach destination safely

- Introduction
- Lesson focus: Understanding road rage and aggressive driving
- Importance of coping with stress while driving

- Impact of Stress on Driving
- Failure to manage stress can lead to road rage/hot-headedness
- Road rage negatively affects both passengers and other motorists
- No winner in road rage situations; harmful to both aggressive driver and victim
- Road rage should be avoided

- Bad Habits of Aggressive Drivers to Avoid
- Cutting off: sudden lane changes without warning
- Tailgating: driving too closely behind another vehicle
- Using unpleasant hand gestures towards other motorists
- Slow driving in the left lane causing traffic delays and distractions
- Excessive horn blowing that annoys other drivers
- Fighting or arguing over parking spaces

- Effects and Details of Aggressive Driving Habits
- Cutting off:
- Lack of clear signaling
- Unsafe lane changes without checking surroundings
- Tailgating:
- Failure to maintain safe distance
- Causes worry and inconvenience to the vehicle in front
- Unpleasant hand gestures:
- Can escalate into arguments or misunderstandings
- Slow driving in left lane:
- Irritates other motorists if no way is given
- Excessive horn use:
- Annoys others, especially in prohibited areas
- Fighting over parking:
- Leads to aggressive behavior in both parties

- Summary
- Aggressive driving ignores safety and courtesy
- Leads to dangerous driving conditions
- Can cause harm to road users, property, and the driver themselves

- Conclusion
- Avoid aggressive driving habits to ensure safety and harmony on the road

- Introduction to Anger Management in Driving
- Aim: Increase knowledge for safe driving
- Topic focus: Road rage and its management

- Definition of Road Rage
- Any form of attack by a driver on another person
- Causes: misunderstanding, lack of traffic law knowledge, lack of respect for other motorists

- Consequences of Road Rage
- Harm to driver, passengers, and other motorists
- Negative emotional impact on those involved
- Legal penalties for initiators:
- Fines and penalties
- Suspension or revocation of driver’s license
- Suspension or dismissal for professional drivers
- Possible imprisonment for serious incidents causing injury or death

- How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Road Rage
- Avoid retaliating; fights involve both parties
- Keep distance; give way to irate drivers
- Set aside pride; driving is not a competition
- Avoid eye contact with aggressive drivers to prevent escalation
- Ensure a calm and right state of mind before driving
- Seek help from traffic authorities and law enforcers when needed

- Preventing the Onset of Road Rage
- Improve personal attitude towards driving
- Forget the desire to win on the road
- Seek medical help if temper control is difficult
- Pray before and after driving for calmness and safety
- Remember family waiting at home; prioritize safe arrival

- Introduction
- Topic: Road Crash Human Factors
- Importance: Understanding causes and prevention of road crashes

- Road Crash Statistics (MMDA 2019)
- 121,711 road crashes in Metro Manila (334 per day)
- Increasing trend yearly
- Economic impact: ₱107.5 billion damages annually

- Terminology: Road Crash vs. Accident
- "Road crash" preferred over "accident"
- Accidents: unavoidable events (e.g., lightning, landslides)
- Road crashes: preventable through human action and proper driving

- Human Factors Causing Road Crashes
- Extreme driver fatigue
- Decreased alertness, slower reflexes, risk of falling asleep
- Common among professional drivers with continuous work duties
- Uncontrolled nightlife and driver vices
- Alcohol consumption (strictly prohibited for public vehicle drivers; private vehicle limit 0.05%)
- Staying up late for celebrations causing sleeplessness
- Bad habits: gambling, drug use (illegal and punishable)
- Excessive screen time at night
- Causes wakefulness, eye strain, fatigue, and slow thinking

- Preventing Fatigue-Related Crashes
- Follow the 6-Hour Driving Rule:
- No more than 6 continuous hours of driving without rest
- Rest at least 15 minutes before resuming driving
- Use breaks to stretch, eat, drink coffee, or relieve drowsiness

- Legal and Safety Guidelines
- Zero alcohol tolerance for public vehicle drivers
- Private vehicle drivers: alcohol limit 0.05%
- Driving under influence of drugs strictly prohibited and punishable by law

- Self-Assessment Before Driving: "Am I Safe to Drive?"
- Use the acronym I’M SAFE to evaluate readiness:
- I - Illness: Any health issues affecting driving?
- M - Medication: Taking drugs causing drowsiness/dizziness?
- S - Stress: Personal/work problems affecting concentration?
- A - Alcohol: Consumed alcohol within 24 hours?
- F - Fatigue: Experiencing extreme tiredness or lack of rest?
- E - Eating: Hungry or not properly nourished?

- Conclusion
- Avoid human factors causing road crashes by self-checking with I’M SAFE
- Prioritize rest, avoid vices, and follow safety rules for safe travels

- Distracted Driving Overview
- Taking eyes off the road for even 2 seconds classifies as distracted driving.
- Risk of road crash increases 4 times with 2-second distraction; longer distractions increase risk further.
- Leading cause of fatal or severe road crashes.

- Statistics
- In 2011, WHO reported 1.4 million crashes caused by cellphone use while driving.
- Number of distracted driving incidents continues to rise with increased mobile device use.
- Cellphone use is only one cause of distracted driving.

- Importance of Focus
- Driving requires full focus and concentration.
- Driver’s mind and body must be in good condition to ensure safety.
- Distracted or unfocused driving is strongly discouraged.

- Emotional State
- Excessive emotions (happy, sad, scared, bored) affect driving focus.
- Assess emotional readiness before driving to avoid accidents.

- Audio and Visual Distractions
- High radio volume can reduce focus; keep volume moderate.
- Watching movies, TV, or videos while driving is strictly prohibited and punishable by law.

- Mobile Phone Use
- Texting, calling, or answering calls while driving is illegal.
- Violators are held accountable under the law.

- Passenger Interaction
- Avoid talking to passengers to maintain focus.
- Professional drivers must not talk to co-workers while driving.

- Eating and Drinking
- Avoid consuming food or drinks (coffee, soup, sandwiches) while driving.
- Spills can cause loss of focus and increase accident risk.

- Vehicle Decorations and Accessories
- Governed by Republic Act No. 10913 (Anti-Distracted Driving Act).
- Decorations/gadgets must not exceed 4-inch safe zone on dashboard or windshield.
- Must not obstruct driver’s line of sight or vision.
- Proper and improper placement examples provided.

- Health Conditions
- Illnesses (even minor like sore eyes, eye strain, flu, cough) affect focus.
- Consult a doctor and avoid driving if unwell.

- General Reminders
- Follow Anti-Distracted Driving law to prevent accidents.
- Emotions should not interfere with driving attention.
- Consult a doctor immediately if feeling ill before driving.
- Habitual multitasking while driving increases distraction risk.
- Driving should always be the sole focus on the road; other activities are distractions and dangerous

- Topic Overview:
- Risks caused by apprentice drivers and unlicensed driving
- Dangers of lack of discipline and bullying acts among motorists leading to road accidents

- Apprentice Drivers:
- Different from student drivers; are professional drivers still in training for specific driving jobs
- Allowed to drive only during non-peak hours or light traffic conditions
- Trainer’s responsibilities:
- Teach proper passenger pick-up and drop-off procedures
- Avoid talking to apprentice drivers while driving to maintain focus
- Delay suggestions until vehicle is stopped to prevent confusion

- Driving Without a License:
- Strictly prohibited; unlicensed individuals should not be allowed to drive

- Lack of Discipline and Training Consequences:
- Can lead to road accidents
- Examples of improper driving practices:
- Not following road demarcations or lane guidelines
- Improper turning maneuvers
- Failing to stop at intersections
- Not yielding right of way to vehicles on the right

- Bullying and Aggressive Driving:
- Tailgating fellow motorists causes harm
- Driving beyond designated lanes or doing counter flow is dangerous

- Legal and Safety Implications:
- Improper driving practices may result in violations and penalties
- Such behaviors can cause fatal accidents involving drivers and passengers

- Topic: Road Crash Arrogance (FDM Vol. 1, pp. 114-116)

- Common problematic driver behaviors:
- Arrogant and reckless driving
- Uncertainty when turning or at intersections with traffic signs
- Ignorance of traffic laws

- Consequences of arrogance and ignorance:
- Dangerous speeding risking driver, passengers, and other road users
- Increased likelihood of road crashes

- Preventive measures:
- Comply with designated vehicle speed limits
- Slow down at intersections and pedestrian lanes
- Avoid illegal turns and improper lane changes
- Follow posted street signs carefully
- Slow down on blind or dangerous curves
- Never overtake on blind curves

- Signs of arrogance and ignorance in drivers:
- Disregard or misuse of traffic signs, signals, and warnings
- Allowing unlicensed or unskilled persons to drive (strictly prohibited and punishable by law)
- Non-compliance with safe braking practices

- Safe braking practices:
- Check vehicle brakes and tires before traveling
- Maintain safe braking distances based on vehicle type and speed:
- At 80 km/h:
- Trucks: 30 meters
- Cars and other vehicles: over 20 meters
- Racing vehicles: over 10 meters
- Recognize that different vehicles require different braking distances

- Key takeaway:
- Avoid arrogance and ignorance on the road
- Be knowledgeable about traffic laws
- Prioritize safety for yourself and your passengers

- Introduction
- Mechanical failure can cause road accidents.
- Failures often due to normal wear and tear or inadequate maintenance.

- Common Mechanical Problems
- Overheating
- Exhaust manifold leak
- Engine oil leak
- Electrical failure
- Flat tires and wheel nuts failure
- Problems with belts, pulleys, and bearings
- Sticking brake and brake fade

- Overheating
- Symptoms: high temperature gauge, white smoke from exhaust, poor engine traction.
- Safety: Do not open cooling system immediately; wait for engine to cool.
- Causes:
- Cooling system leaks or blockages
- Water leaks or clogged radiator
- Excessive aircon use
- Prolonged low gear use, high RPM
- Insufficient motor oil
- Water mixed with oil, clogged air filters, broken/loose belts
- Consequences:
- Engine parts melting, engine block damage
- Engine fire risk
- Boiling engine fluids can explode

- Exhaust Manifold Leak
- Role: directs combustion gases to tailpipe for oxygen supply.
- Symptoms: low engine power, cracked pipe, rattling noises.
- Danger: carbon monoxide gas entry into vehicle—highly toxic.
- Prevention: regular engine maintenance checks.

- Engine Oil Leak
- Importance: lubricates engine parts to prevent heat/friction damage.
- Causes: poor maintenance, prolonged non-use, high RPM, substandard gaskets/O-rings.
- Risks: overheating, internal damage, engine stop, danger to passengers and others.
- Prevention: regular oil changes and visual inspections.

- Electrical Failure
- Components: wires, fuses, relays, battery, computer box.
- Causes: faulty wiring, grounding issues, flood damage, loose battery connections, computer failure.
- Effects: starting problems, sudden engine stop, electrical fire.
- Warning signs: burning smell, dimming lights, blown fuses.
- Action: stop vehicle immediately if signs appear; avoid DIY repairs without knowledge.
- Recommendation: use quality parts and seek professional electrical service.

- Tires and Wheel Nuts
- Importance: sufficient friction needed for braking and control.
- Flat tires caused by road debris, wear and tear.
- Check tire condition before travel.
- Wheel nuts failure caused by incorrect installation or overloading.
- Missing or wrong wheel bolts/nuts can cause tire loosening or detachment.
- Improper wheel alignment causes crabbing (diagonal movement), dangerous for all road users.

- Belts, Pulleys, and Bearings
- Function: transfer power from engine to alternator, water pump, AC compressor.
- Issues: incorrect tension, misalignment cause noise, power loss, damage.
- Broken belts cause stalling or starting problems.
- Maintenance: ensure proper tension, alignment, regular checks, and timely replacement.

- Brakes
- Symptoms of failure: brake warning lights, squealing/squeaking/grinding noises, wobbling, vibration, scraping.
- Other signs: brake fluid leaks, vehicle pulling to one side, burning smell, stiff brakes.
- ABS system:
- Prevents wheel lockup during braking.
- ABS light on at start-up indicates system check.
- Flashing ABS light during driving signals malfunction or short circuit.
- Immediate attention needed if brake issues arise.

- Gear Shifting
- Improper timing can cause engine failure.
- Tips:
- Know vehicle capacity, load, road conditions.
- Shift within green band of tachometer.
- Avoid revving into red band.
- Turn off aircon when driving uphill if possible.

- Conclusion
- Mechanical breakdowns may be unavoidable in old vehicles.
- Responsible drivers must perform routine maintenance.
- Regular checks prevent worsening problems and ensure safety.
- Prioritize everyone’s safety through proper vehicle upkeep

- Topic Introduction: Improper Parking and Road Crashes
- Focus: Consequences of improper parking and how to avoid related road crashes
- Common misconception: Accidents mostly happen on highways or intersections, but parking areas are also high-risk zones

- Causes of Road Crashes Due to Improper Parking
- Parking beyond designated lines
- Failure or improper use of parking brake causing vehicle to roll away
- Parking on curb without considering safety of other road users

- Definition
- Curb: Elevated concrete edging of a street or sidewalk

- Preventive Measures
- Follow proper parking guidelines strictly
- Regularly check parking brake functionality (ensure 100% working)
- Proper wheel positioning depending on parking situation

- Proper Parking Techniques
- On level road (with or without curb):
- Front wheels straight and parallel to street
- Avoid leaving wheels turned
- Uphill parking with curb:
- Turn front wheels away from curb
- Vehicle will roll into curb if brakes fail, preventing further movement
- Downhill parking with curb:
- Turn front wheels toward curb
- Let vehicle roll slightly forward until wheel touches curb
- Parking on road without curb (uphill or downhill):
- Turn front wheels toward sidewalk
- Vehicle will roll toward sidewalk if brakes fail

- Final Safety Check
- Always engage emergency (parking) brake before leaving vehicle

- Key Reminder
- Improper parking can cause accidents even if driver is not inside the vehicle
- Habitual proper parking is essential for safety of all road users

- Visual Aid
- Refer to illustrations showing correct wheel positioning for uphill/downhill parking with and without curb

- Conclusion
- Proper parking prevents vehicle roll-away and collisions
- Adherence to parking guidelines reduces risk of road crashes in parking areas

- Topic Overview: Road Crash Causes Related to Road Conditions and Engineering
- Focus on hazards from poor road conditions and construction
- Importance of understanding that not all accidents are driver’s fault
- Emphasis on practicing road safety despite poor road conditions

- Incorrect Placement of Warning Signs
- Warning signs for road construction must be placed at proper distances
- Signs placed too close to construction areas reduce driver reaction time
- Drivers should drive within speed limits and watch for construction workers and equipment

- Failure to Install Proper Warning Signs
- Warning signs placed incorrectly or with unclear meaning increase risk
- Example: Bridge limit warning sign incorrectly placed, no signs indicating road narrowing or end
- Lack of signs especially dangerous at night
- Importance of government (LGU and national) communication to motorists about road construction

- Lack of Coordination in Construction Management
- Poor communication between construction workers, supervisors, and dispatchers
- Leads to unnotified physical changes on routes or roads under construction

- Confusing and Unclear Traffic Signs
- Examples of contradictory or confusing signs:
- “No U-turn on green light” but unclear on red light
- “One way going right but turning right not allowed”
- “Make a U-turn here” but U-turn prohibited
- Signs unclear about stopping or bus stops
- Confusing signs cause driver hesitation and potential accidents
- Recommendation to report unclear signs to the Land Transportation Office

- Summary and Safety Reminders
- Road accidents can result from poor road conditions and construction, not just driver error
- Drivers should:
- Adhere to speed limits
- Be defensive drivers
- Stay focused on the road and surroundings
- Careful driving helps avoid crashes and serious injuries

- Environmental conditions affect driving; drivers must adapt to avoid crashes
- Topic focus: Environmental, Weather, and Engineering Factors causing road crashes

**Environmental Factors:**
- Road and surrounding conditions impacting safety
- Lack of infrastructure for pedestrian guidance
- Presence of street vendors causing traffic obstructions
- Need for caution in crowded areas to spot pedestrians crossing

**Road Engineering Factors:**
- Road works interfering with traffic flow (construction materials, barriers, cones)
- Driving on damaged/dangerous road sections risks flat tires, swerving, mechanical issues
- Construction debris outside zones poses hazards
- Potholes and manholes may be hard to see at high speeds, causing loss of vehicle control

**Weather and Environmental Hazards:**
- Debris on road from bad weather or crashes (tree branches, glass, rocks, mud, soil)
- Risks include flat tires, vehicle damage, collisions
- Heavy rains cause poor visibility, wet/slippery roads
- Wet roads reduce tire grip, increase braking distance, impair obstacle avoidance
- Initial rain mixes water with mud/oil, making roads extra slippery

**Driving Tips in Rain and Floods:**
- Turn on headlights in heavy rain for better visibility and to be seen
- Avoid using hazard lights in heavy rain (blocks turn signals, may confuse other drivers)
- Avoid driving on flooded roads to prevent unseen hazards (debris, open manholes, deep water)
- If driving on wet/flooded roads is unavoidable:
- Stay alert, calm, and prepared
- Avoid heavy braking to prevent slipping
- Reduce speed by easing off accelerator
- Gently brake after wet road to dry brake components

**Closing Reminder:**
- Road safety is a shared responsibility
- Proper behavior by all road users reduces crashes
- Collective effort leads to safer roads for everyone

- Dashboard Warning Lights Overview
- When starting the vehicle (key or start button), dashboard lights illuminate temporarily.
- Lights indicate vehicle systems are operational; some may stay lit longer.
- Blinking lights signal urgent vehicle system issues.
- Warning lights vary by vehicle model and manufacturer.
- Dashboard light colors correspond to traffic light system:
- Green/Blue: Normal operation or system in use.
- Yellow/Orange: Detected problem; drive carefully and have vehicle checked soon.
- Red: Serious problem; stop driving and have vehicle repaired immediately.

- Common Vehicle Warning Lights and Their Meanings
- Oil Warning Symbol
- Indicates low engine oil pressure.
- Check and refill oil immediately.
- If no oil available, tow vehicle to repair shop.
- Driving with low oil pressure risks major engine damage.

- Brake Warning Symbol
- Check brake pedal condition:
- If spongy or goes to floor, stop and tow vehicle.
- If firm, check brake fluid level and add if needed.
- If light remains on, take vehicle to service shop immediately.

- Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Safety Symbol
- Indicates airbags are disabled.
- Vehicle needs immediate repair.

- Traction Control / Stability Control Safety Symbol
- Indicates system problem.
- Continue driving with caution on slippery roads and turns.
- Repair needed as soon as possible.

- Check Engine Safety Symbol
- If steady light and no performance issues, continue driving until mechanic inspection.
- If flashing light, pull over safely and tow vehicle immediately.

- Charging System Warning Symbol
- Indicates major failure in charging system (battery or alternator).
- Vehicle must be taken to repair shop immediately.

- General Advice
- Immediate repair prevents further damage and extra costs.
- Remember warning light meanings to ensure safe driving.

- School Service Safety Rules for Drivers, Conductors, and Passengers

- Before Boarding
- Arrive at loading zone 5 minutes before scheduled pick-up.
- Do not run to or from the vehicle.
- Wait safely at designated bus stop.
- Do not stand too close to the vehicle.
- If crossing street, wait for vehicle to stop completely.
- Use handrails; board one at a time.
- Do not push other passengers.

- While Vehicle is Running
- Ensure all passengers are seated properly.
- Store bags and belongings under seats.
- Keep aisles clear.
- Remind passengers to keep body parts inside vehicle.
- No throwing objects to/from vehicle.
- Speak quietly and behave properly.
- Maintain a bully-free environment.
- Participate in bus evacuation drills.
- Avoid eating or drinking inside the vehicle.
- Always obey driver’s instructions.

- When Getting Off the Vehicle
- Wait until vehicle stops completely.
- Use handrails when exiting.
- Cross at least 10 steps in front of vehicle for driver visibility.
- Front passengers exit first if everyone is getting off.
- If something is dropped near vehicle, ask an adult for help.
- Exit slowly and safely

- Topic: Handling Emergency Situations (Filipino Driver's Manual VOL. 1, PAGE 148)

- Introduction:
- Road emergencies require fast response.
- Stay calm and keep hands on the steering wheel.
- Be prepared for various road emergencies.

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- Poor Driving Visibility:
- Causes: fog, heavy rain, dust, smoke.
- Effects: changes vehicle speed, increases accident risk.
- Precautions:
- Plan trip and monitor weather.
- Actions if encountered:
- Drive with low beam lights.
- Slow down.
- Use turn signals.
- Reduce distractions.
- Use clean wipers.
- Stop at a secure area if unsafe to continue.

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- Skidding / Loss of Traction:
- Definition: tire slips or loses grip, causing loss of control.
- Causes: road/vehicle condition, driver behavior.
- Actions if encountered:
- Look and steer firmly where you want to go.
- Release brake or accelerator to maintain rolling friction.
- Maintain constant steering attention until control is regained.
- Use tail braking or slow braking; avoid hard braking.

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- Tire Blowout:
- Cause: under-inflation causes tire damage.
- Importance of proper air pressure to support vehicle weight.
- Actions if encountered:
- Stay calm.
- Do NOT step on the brake.
- Slow down gently by easing off accelerator.
- Look for safe emergency escape area.
- Pull over safely.
- Turn on hazard lights.
- Replace tire with spare if safe and possible.

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- Engine Overheating:
- Cause: cooling system problem, excessive heat damages engine.
- Prevention: monitor temperature, radiator hose, coolant level.
- Actions if encountered:
- Turn off aircon.
- Stop vehicle but do NOT turn off engine (to keep coolant pump working).
- Let engine rest until temperature gauge settles.
- Open hood, check coolant tank for leaks.
- If no leaks, add coolant and drive to nearest repair shop.

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- Brake Failure:
- Definition: complete loss of brakes or power-assisted brake failure.
- Actions if encountered:
- Stay calm.
- Move vehicle to side of road.
- Aim for safe emergency escape area.
- Control steering.
- Rapidly pump brakes to engage.
- Downshift to lower gear (manual) or low setting (automatic) for engine braking.
- Do NOT switch off engine.
- Turn on hazard lights and use horn.
- Use handbrake carefully once vehicle slows (rear wheels only).
- Drive slowly and safely on side of road to add friction.
- If necessary, choose soft crash area.

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- Engine Fire:
- Possible fire locations: engine compartment, under vehicle, wheels/brakes, dashboard, inside vehicle.
- Actions if encountered:
- Stay calm.
- Steer out of traffic, pull over away from buildings/people.
- Turn off engine to stop fuel and electric flow.
- Evacuate all passengers immediately.
- Do NOT open hood.
- Do NOT use water to douse flames.
- Use fire extinguisher if available.
- Seek assistance if needed.
- Check passengers for injuries.
- Call emergency hotlines: 117 (PNP), 143 (Philippine Red Cross).
- Document incident (photos, documents).
- Keep all people at safe distance.
- Alert oncoming traffic.
- Apply first aid to injured passengers.

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- General Preparedness:
- Always carry an emergency kit: first aid kit, flashlight, early warning device.
- Remember: emergencies can happen anytime.
- Key: stay calm, act fast to ensure safety of self, passengers, and others.

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- Closing:
- Ready for quiz.
- Encouragement: Good luck and see you next topic!

- Introduction
- Topic focus: Road Crashes
- Goal: Help student drivers become safe drivers by learning how to avoid accidents and protect themselves from injuries.

- Definition of Road Crash
- Road crash: Accident involving one or more vehicles.
- Possible consequences: Physical injury, property damage (public/private), death.
- Affects not only drivers and passengers but also pedestrians, cyclists, bystanders, hawkers.

- How to Avoid an Impending Road Crash
- Stop quickly and step on the brake pedal.
- If skidding occurs, release brake, then pump brake pedal until vehicle stops.
- Make a turn if no time to stop.
- Run off the road if space allows.
- Avoid braking while making a turn.
- Speed up to avoid side or rear collisions.

- Protecting Yourself During a Road Crash
- Rear collision: Brake immediately to avoid hitting the vehicle in front.
- Side-to-side collision: Hold steering wheel tightly to avoid hitting vehicle sides.
- Front collision: Protect face with hands and arms.
- If using shoulder harness seat belt, lie down on adjacent seat to avoid hitting steering column or windshield.

- Actions to Take After a Road Crash
- Stop driving; do not leave or avoid liability.
- Secure accident site safely.
- Use flares, cones, and hazard lights to alert oncoming traffic if available.
- Avoid obstructing traffic if possible.
- Seek police help immediately if vehicles block the road.
- Inform ambulance responders with necessary accident victim details.

- Conclusion
- Understanding how to avoid road crashes and protect oneself and others is essential for safe driving

- Introduction to First Aid for Student Drivers
- Importance of first aid as a road user
- Objective: Learn proper ways to provide first aid during accidents

- Definition and Purpose of First Aid
- Immediate relief given to accident or sudden illness victims while traveling
- Provides assistance before emergency responders arrive
- Not a substitute for professional medical help
- Prevents serious injury and increases survival chances
- Warning: Do not administer first aid without adequate skills, especially for severe injuries

- Basic Steps in Providing First Aid on the Road
- Identify victims unable to speak or walk
- Evacuate passengers immediately in case of vehicle fire
- Do not move severely injured passengers unless imminent danger exists
- Provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if trained and necessary
- Call doctor or ambulance for serious injuries

- Handling Neck and Back Injuries
- Risk of spinal cord damage and paralysis
- Proper examination required
- Monitor oncoming traffic for safety
- Call medical help
- Keep victim warm and still until injury is clear
- If removal is necessary, lift victim lengthwise, avoid holding only head and heel
- Use stretcher or semi-reclining position if possible

- Additional First Aid Emergency Procedures
- Secure accident site; direct traffic 200 meters away
- Avoid moving victim unless imminent danger
- Check victim’s breathing
- Keep victim and first aider calm
- Stop bleeding and clean wounds with soap and water
- Apply ice to sprains without rubbing
- Do not give food or drink to prevent choking
- Arrange transport to hospital and notify victim’s family

- First Aid Based on Specific Injuries

I. Motor Vehicle Road Crashes
- Avoid moving victim
- Immobilize spine or broken body parts with garments/bandages
- Apply direct pressure to wounds; elevate bleeding parts
- Victim to apply pressure if conscious to relieve shock

II. Amputation (Loss of Limb or Digit)
- Stop bleeding and elevate injured part
- Wrap wound with sterile dressing or clean cloth
- Apply direct pressure until medical help arrives

III. Bleeding
- Use gloves before contact
- Cover wound with sterile dressing or clean cloth
- Apply direct pressure to control bleeding
- For small wounds, allow bleeding to remove dirt, then clean and disinfect

IV. Burn Injuries
- Extinguish fire on victim using blanket or instruct victim to stop, drop, and roll
- Remove burnt clothing carefully without touching skin-contact areas
- Cover burns with dry dressing
- Apply ice pack wrapped in towel briefly to reduce pain/swelling
- Immerse minor burns in cold water immediately
- Seek medical help

V. Electrical Injuries
- Turn off power source immediately or separate victim using non-metal object
- Perform CPR if trained and victim is not breathing
- Seek medical help

VI. Eye Injuries
- Remove specks by lifting eyelid or washing with clean water
- Seek medical help if specks remain or injury caused by hard object
- Apply cold pack for 15 minutes for bruises
- For incisions, bandage eye without touching and seek medical help

VII. Fainting
- Lay victim down and elevate legs
- Do not give drinks unless conscious
- Loosen clothing
- Wipe face with wet towel; do not pour water

VIII. Fractures (Broken Bones)
- Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, deformity, exposed bone
- Carefully straighten affected part without touching dislocated joints
- Cover exposed bone with sterile dressing; do not reposition bone
- Apply splint without obstructing circulation
- Seek medical help immediately

IX. Heart Cramps
- Cause: artery muscle constriction reducing blood flow
- Drink half glass of salt-water every 15 minutes for an hour
- Avoid massage; carefully stretch affected area
- Increase intake of fruits and vegetables for sodium and potassium

X. Heat Stroke
- Body temperature rises, sweating stops, body cannot cool down
- Move victim to cool place
- Loosen/remove clothing; wrap in wet towel
- Apply ice packs to neck, armpits, groin
- Give sips of water if conscious
- Seek medical help

XI. Shock (Stress and Fear Response)
- Symptoms: difficulty breathing, nausea, pale skin, tiredness, dilated pupils, anxiety
- Lay victim down and elevate legs
- Ensure no obstructions around victim
- Provide blanket if cold
- Seek medical help

- Summary

- Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver (FDM Vol. 1, p. 151)

- Secure and carry a valid driver’s license from the Land Transportation Office at all times while driving.
- Know, follow, and abide by all land transportation laws, rules, and regulations; ignorance of the law is not an excuse.
- Practice defensive driving to reduce the risk of accidents.
- Exercise due diligence and treat passengers like family, driving carefully and responsibly.
- Ensure the vehicle is duly registered, roadworthy, and emission compliant.
- Conduct regular pre-trip inspections; promptly correct any defects or non-conformities to avoid accidents or delays.
- Keep the vehicle clean, tidy, and in good working condition at all times.
- Take appropriate measures to secure and safeguard the vehicle until returned to its designated location or garage.
- Know how to respond and act appropriately in case of an accident or incident.
- Be literate, skillful, competent, and eager to continuously improve knowledge and capabilities.
- Understand driver rights and privileges; recognize that having a driver’s license is a privilege, not a right.
- Always observe road safety, discipline, and courtesy.
- Maintain good health and ensure no contagious diseases that could affect passengers.

- Reflect on your ability to obey and perform all these responsibilities as a driver

- Physical and Mental Wellness of a Driver
- Driving is a physical activity requiring strength, flexibility, coordination.
- Driver must have clear vision and hearing.
- Must process information quickly and act decisively.

- Physical Requirements
- No fatigue; driver should be well rested.
- Physically fit to operate a vehicle.
- No health conditions that may cause loss of control while driving.

- Mental Requirements
- Ability to process sensory functions.
- Ability to focus.
- Mentally and emotionally stable.
- Ability to make sound judgments while driving.

- Health Issues Affecting Driving & Prevention
- Driver Fatigue
- Major cause of fatal collisions.
- Prevention:
- Be well rested before driving.
- Avoid driving during wee hours.
- Reduce driving time if feeling tired.
- Stressful Events
- Caused by traffic, weather, deadlines, personal issues.
- Prevention:
- Recognize and be honest about stress.
- Rest, relax, reflect.
- Adopt calming techniques.
- Avoid high-stress situations and people.
- Poor Eyesight
- Must meet vision standards.
- Prevention:
- Eye test every 2 years.
- Wear prescribed glasses/contact lenses always.
- Keep glasses clean and scratch-free.
- Carry spare glasses in car.
- Temporary Illnesses
- Illnesses like colds, flu, migraine affect concentration, vision, judgment.
- Actions:
- Stop driving if feeling ill.
- Take breaks, warm drinks, medicine if mild.
- Seek medical help if unfit to drive.

- Maintaining Fitness While Driving
- Perform stretching exercises to reduce stress and prevent injury.
- Shoulder Stretches: Shoulder shrugs while stopped; hold 10 seconds, repeat.
- Hand Stretches: Wrist circles, stretch arms forward, pull fingers gently.
- Neck Stretches: Pull head gently toward shoulder using opposite hand; repeat both sides.
- Incorporate physical activity into daily routine.

- 6 Important Safety Reminders When Driving
- Always wear seat belt; ensure passengers do too.
- Never drink and drive; comply with anti-drunk/drugged driving laws.
- Drive with full attention; avoid cellphone/gadget distractions.
- Signal intentions to turn or overtake.
- Drive within speed limits.
- Maintain safe following distance to stop safely.

- Designated Speed Limits
- Expressways/open country roads: 80-100 km/h.
- Boulevards: 40 km/h.
- City/Municipal streets: 30-40 km/h.
- Crowded streets: up to 20 km/h.

- Things to Avoid When Driving
- Blocking passing lane excessively.
- Speeding up when being passed; always give way.
- Driving in breakdown lane to pass traffic.
- Daydreaming or lost in thought at red lights.
- Making left turn from right lane or vice versa.
- Not using turn signals.
- Responding to rude/aggressive drivers.
- Driving while using cellphone.
- Blocking intersections ("blocking the box").
- Taking traffic problems personally or reacting with anger.

- Using Vehicle Horns
- Short, light beeps = “Hi.”
- Quick beep = “Heads up, I’m here.”
- Louder, longer beep = “Watch it” or “Light’s been green.”
- Longer repeated blasts = “Let’s go, you’re slow.”
- Long non-stop blast = “I’m angry/lost control” (avoid to prevent road fights).

- Passenger Considerations
- Ensure passenger comfort (temperature, radio volume).
- Allow for comfort breaks and stopovers.
- Manage passenger distractions by politely reminding focus is needed on driving

Passenger and Cargo Handling - Key Guidelines (Filipino Driver's Manual Vol. 1, p.152)

- General Scope
- Responsibilities apply to both public and private vehicle drivers.

- Loading and Unloading Passengers
- Use designated pick-up and drop-off points only.
- Do not unload passengers at street corners before turns; wait until after the turn.
- Park vehicle out of traffic/travel lane on a level surface.
- Apply emergency brake and turn on hazard flashers.
- Turn off ignition before exiting vehicle.
- Assist passengers as needed with proper communication.

- Passenger Communication (ASK Acronym)
- ASK = Attitude + Skill + Knowledge = Passenger Satisfaction.
- Discover each passenger’s communication method.
- Show respect to persons with disabilities; do not ignore or speak for them.
- Be patient, attentive, and encouraging with passengers who have speech difficulties.
- Use short, simple questions answerable by brief responses or gestures.
- Speak clearly with a natural tone.
- Greet passengers courteously, especially bus/van drivers.

- General Passenger Interaction Reminders
- Be polite and courteous at all times.
- Communicate while assisting passengers.
- Confirm all expected passengers are present; no one left behind.
- Refer to itinerary or trip sheet.
- Anticipate passenger needs (trip duration, stops, breaks).
- Face passengers when greeting and say “thank you” when receiving fare.
- Respond politely to questions or requests.

- Disability Awareness for Drivers
- Treat persons with disabilities and elderly passengers with respect, dignity, and understanding.
- Acknowledge impairments and provide appropriate assistance.
- Prioritize comfort and be sensitive to environmental conditions affecting passengers.
- Use dignified language when communicating:
- Use “person with disability” instead of “disabled” or “invalid.”
- Use “person with” instead of “afflicted with” or “suffers from.”
- Use “person using wheelchair” instead of “confined” or “dependent on wheelchair.”
- Use “person with limited ability” instead of “lame.”
- Use “person with developmental disability” instead of “retarded.”
- Use “able-bodied” or “non-disabled” instead of “normal.”

- Cargo Handling Guidelines
- Ensure loading areas are well-lit, firm, flat, and free of obstructions.
- Load cargo only when vehicle is completely stopped.
- Mark loads extending more than 1 meter beyond vehicle body with a red flag; use red light at night.
- Never place unsecured items on backseat or rear window deck to avoid injury during sudden stops.
- Stop frequently on long trips to check cargo security

- Introduction to Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749, 1999)
- Protects and advances the right to a balanced, healthful ecology aligned with nature.
- Aims to balance development with environmental protection.
- Ensures air quality that protects human health and welfare.
- Recognizes citizens' right to breathe clean air and sustainably use natural resources.

- Key Definitions
- Air pollution: Alteration of physical, chemical, biological properties of atmospheric air.
- Motor vehicle: Any vehicle powered by gasoline or diesel engine.
- Mobile source: Vehicles propelled by combustion of carbon-based or other fuels.
- Emission: Air contaminant or pollutant released from a known source into the atmosphere.

- Health Effects of Air Pollution
- Causes respiratory diseases.
- Leads to cardiovascular damage.
- Induces fatigue, headache, anxiety.
- Irritates eyes, nose, throat.
- Damages reproductive organs.
- Harms liver, spleen, blood.
- Causes nervous system damage.

- Main Sources of Air Pollution (Metro Manila Emissions Inventory 2015)
1. Mobile sources: cars, buses, planes, trucks, trains.
2. Stationary sources: power plants, oil refineries, factories.
3. Area sources: agricultural areas, cities, wood-burning fireplaces.
4. Other sources: wind-blown dust, wildfires, volcanoes.

- Clean Air Act Provisions (Article 4, Section 21: Pollution from Motor Vehicles)
- DENR sets motor vehicle emission standards.
- DOTr implements standards and deputizes law enforcement and LGUs.
- Functions include:
- Inspecting and monitoring vehicle emissions.
- Prohibiting or restricting vehicle use in certain areas/times.
- Authorizing private emission testing centers accredited by DTI.

- Section 22: Regulation of Motor Vehicles and Engines
- New imported or locally-assembled vehicles must comply with emission standards (Certificate of Conformity from DTI).
- Imported used or rebuilt vehicles must comply with emission standards (Certificate of Compliance to Emission Standard).
- No vehicle registration without passing emission testing by DOTr or authorized centers within 60 days prior to registration.

- Fines and Penalties (Section 46: Violations of Motor Vehicle Standards)
- 1st offense: Fine up to ₱2,000.
- 2nd offense: Fine up to ₱4,000.
- 3rd offense: Fine up to ₱6,000 + 1-year vehicle registration suspension.
- Driver/operator must attend pollution control seminar by DOTr.

- Preventive Measures
- Regularly check vehicle smoke emission levels.
- Maintain vehicle properly and fix problems immediately.
- Be proactive in reducing environmental impact and air pollution.

- Topic: Republic Act 8750 - Seat Belt Use Act of 1999
- Purpose:
- Mandatory use of seat belts by motorists (private and public vehicles)
- Mandatory installation of seat belts by vehicle manufacturers

- Key Definitions:
- Seat belt device: Strap/webbing designed to secure a person in a vehicle (lap belt, shoulder strap, or combination) including buckles and installation hardware
- Motor vehicle: Private and public vehicles (excludes tricycles and motorcycles)
- Public motor vehicle: Public utility vehicle or vehicle for hire
- Front seat passengers:
- PUJs: Passenger beside driver on right side
- PUBs: Passengers beside driver and first row behind driver
- Private vehicles: Passenger beside driver on right side

- Objective:
- Proactive and preventive safety measure to protect drivers and front seat passengers by enforcing seat belt use

- Importance of Seat Belts:
- Protects occupants from severe injuries and death in accidents
- Non-use increases risk of ejection from vehicle by 30 times

- Mandatory Requirements:
- Drivers and front seat passengers must wear seat belts at all times in moving vehicles
- Public/for hire vehicles must display signage reminding passengers to wear seat belts
- Manufacturers, assemblers, distributors, and dealers must install seat belts in all vehicles, including jeepneys and buses

- Types of Seat Belts:
- 2-point (lap belt)
- 3-point (shoulder-harness belt) – preferred for better protection
- 2-point acceptable if 3-point not available

- Child Passenger Safety:
- Children 12 years old and below prohibited from sitting in front seat (Section 5)
- Seat belts not suitable for children’s body build
- Child passengers must be properly and securely seated
- Republic Act 11229 ("Child Safety in Motor Vehicle Act") updated age limit and mandates child restraint systems; prohibits children under 12 from front seat

- Important Sections of the Act:
- Section 7: Manufacturers/assemblers/distributors must ensure proper seat belt installation before sale
- Section 8: Importation of vehicles without operational seat belts is unlawful
- Section 10: No registration or renewal allowed without necessary seat belts

- Violations, Fines, and Penalties:
- Failure to wear seat belt or allowing child ≤12 to sit front seat:
- 1st offense: ₱1,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱2,000 fine
- 3rd+ offense: ₱5,000 fine + 1-week vehicle registration suspension
- Public utility vehicles failing to post "Fasten Seat Belts" signage or instruct passengers: ₱3,000 fine per violation (driver and operator liable)

- Proper Way to Wear Seat Belts:
- Belt rests comfortably across torso
- Lap belt placed over hips, not stomach
- Never share one seat belt between two or more people

- MVUC / Anti-Overloading Act (Republic Act 8794)
- Purpose: Ensure adequate maintenance of national and provincial roads through sufficient funding.
- MVUC: Motor Vehicle User’s Charge imposed on all motor vehicle owners; collected during annual vehicle registration.
- Objectives:
- Promote road safety by enforcing maximum total safe vehicle weight; prohibit overloading.
- Prevent premature road deterioration.
- Prevent smoke belching from overtaxed engines.
- Penalties for Overloading:
- Penalty: 25% of MVUC for loads exceeding maximum allowable Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW).
- Penalty waived if overloading is less than 5% tolerance.
- Vehicles prohibited from road if:
- Dual-wheel axle load > 13,500 kg.
- Vehicle load > 150% of max allowable GVW.
- Maximum Allowable GVW (based on max axle load of 13,500 kg):
- Trucks:
- 6-wheeler (2 axles): 18,000 kg
- 10-wheeler (3 axles): 33,300 kg
- 14-wheeler (4 axles): 35,600 kg
- Semi-Trailer Trucks:
- 10-wheeler (2 axles motor + 2 axles trailer): 34,000 kg
- 14-wheeler (2 axles motor + 2 axles trailer): 40,600 kg
- 18-wheeler (2 axles motor + 3 axles trailer): 41,000 kg
- 14-wheeler (3 axles motor + 1 axle trailer): 39,700 kg
- 18-wheeler (3 axles motor + 2 axles trailer): 41,500 kg
- 22-wheeler (3 axles motor + 3 axles trailer): 42,000 kg
- Full-Trailer Trucks:
- 14-wheeler (2 axles motor + 2 axles trailer): 39,700 kg
- 18-wheeler (2 axles motor + 3 axles trailer): 43,500 kg
- 18-wheeler (3 axles motor + 2 axles trailer): 43,500 kg
- 22-wheeler (3 axles motor + 3 axles trailer): 45,000 kg
- Reminder for Truck Drivers:
- Check vehicle load limits before travel.
- Overloading causes instability, difficult steering, longer stopping distance.
- Do not overload to ensure safety.

- Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016 (Republic Act 10916)
- Requires mandatory installation of speed limiter devices on public utility and certain vehicles.
- Speed Limiter Device:
- Safety device that prevents exceeding speed limits.
- Regulates fuel flow to engine based on vehicle speed.
- Compliance:
- Installation required for vehicle registration (LTO) and franchise processing (LTFRB).
- LTO and LTFRB supervise and inspect speed limiter settings per route speed limits.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance:
- Fine of ₱50,000 for vehicles without speed limiter or with tampered/non-functioning devices.
- Offense Penalties:
- 1st offense: 1-month driver’s license suspension or 3-month franchise suspension.
- 2nd offense: 3-month driver’s license suspension or 6-month franchise suspension.
- 3rd and subsequent offenses: Driver’s license revocation or 1-year franchise suspension.
- Tampering Penalty:
- Imprisonment: 6 months to 3 years.
- Fine: ₱30,000

- Topic: Motorcycle Helmet Act (Republic Act No. 10054, 2009)
- Purpose:
- Mandates all motorcycle riders to wear standard protective helmets
- Specifies penalties for violations

- Section 3: Mandatory Helmet Use
- All motorcycle riders, drivers, and back riders must wear standard helmets at all times
- Applies to all types of roads and both short and long drives
- Helmets must comply with DTI specifications

- Types of Motorcycle Helmets:
- Full-face helmets:
- Covers entire head including chin and jaw
- Has plastic face shield (clear or tinted)
- Open-face (three-quarter) helmets:
- Covers head but not chin
- May have visors of various lengths and tints
- Riders may use sunglasses or goggles for extra protection
- Half-head helmets:
- Hard outer shell with crushable inner liner
- Does not protect chin or jaw
- Rarely equipped with visors
- Prohibited helmets:
- Helmets for biking, construction, or other non-motorcycle uses are not allowed

- Section 5: Helmet Provision and Standards
- Helmets must bear:
- Philippine Standard (PS) mark or
- Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) mark or
- Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) sticker
- Helmets must comply with BPS safety standards
- Available for purchase from sellers/dealers when buying a new motorcycle

- Quality Marks Explained:
- Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) sticker:
- DTI product quality seal for imported products meeting safety standards
- Philippine Standard Safety Certification Mark:
- DTI-BPS conformity mark for manufacturers meeting product safety standards
- ICC/PS marks must be visible on helmets

- Fines and Penalties for Violations:
- Not wearing helmet or wearing helmet without PS/ICC mark:
- 1st offense: ₱1,500 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱3,000 fine
- 3rd offense: ₱5,000 fine
- 4th and subsequent offenses: ₱10,000 fine + driver’s license confiscation
- Using, selling, or distributing substandard helmets (no PS/ICC mark):
- 1st offense: ₱3,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱5,000 fine
- Subject to additional penalties under Republic Act No. 7394 (Consumer Act of the Philippines)

- Summary:
- RA 10054 enforces helmet use for motorcycle safety
- Helmets must meet safety standards and bear official marks
- Strict penalties apply for violations and distribution of substandard helmets

- Topic: Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act (Republic Act 10586, 2013)
- Purpose: Penalizes driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar substances to ensure road safety.

---

### Harmful Effects of Alcohol and Drugs on Driving
- Slows brain function → delays reaction in dangerous situations
- Reduces judgment of speed and distance
- Creates false confidence → overestimation of driving ability
- Impairs focus and multitasking (e.g., peripheral vision)
- Causes drowsiness or tiredness
- Increases risk to driver, passengers, and other road users

---

### Screening Procedure by Law Enforcement Officers (L.E.O.)
- Probable cause for inspection includes:
- Lane straddling (driving over lane lines)
- Sudden stops
- Over speeding
- Swerving (sudden lane changes)
- Weaving (frequent lane changes to pass vehicles)
- Additional signs for reasonable grounds:
- Smell of alcohol on breath
- Slurred speech
- Bloodshot/reddish eyes
- Flushed face
- Poor physical condition
- Difficulty understanding/responding

---

### Field Sobriety Tests (FST)
- Conducted if at least two probable causes are established
- Tests include:
1. Eye Test: Check for horizontal/lateral eye jerking following a moving object
2. Walk-and-Turn Test: Walk heel-to-toe in a straight line for 9 steps, turn, and return without difficulty
3. One-Leg Stand Test: Stand on one leg, foot raised 6 inches, arms at side, for 30 seconds
- Outcomes:
- Pass all tests → no ABA test, only traffic offense sanction
- Fail any test → proceed to Alcohol Breath Analyzer (ABA) test
- Refusal to undergo tests → license confiscation and automatic revocation

---

### Alcohol Breath Analyzer (ABA) Test
- Conducted on-site if FST failed
- Refusal to take ABA → license confiscation and automatic revocation
- Mandatory testing triggered by:
- Motor vehicle accidents involvement
- Nationwide random terminal inspections and drug tests

---

### Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Limits for DUIA Charges
- Trucks, buses, motorcycles, PUVs: BAC > 0.00% = DUIA
- Private vehicles (<4500kg): BAC > 0.05% = DUIA (approx. one standard drink)
- BAC above limit → arrest and vehicle impoundment
- Arrest procedure includes reading of Miranda Doctrine (right to remain silent and legal counsel)

---

### Penalties for Violations
- Without physical injury or homicide:
- 3 months imprisonment
- Fine ₱20,000 to ₱80,000
- With physical injuries:
- Penalty per Article 263, Revised Penal Code or higher
- Fine ₱100,000 to ₱200,000
- With homicide:
- Penalty per Article 249, Revised Penal Code
- Fine ₱300,000 to ₱500,000

---

### Driver’s License Penalties
- Non-Professional License Holders:
- 1st conviction: 12-month suspension
- 2nd conviction: Perpetual revocation (no driving allowed)
- Professional License Holders:
- 1st conviction: License revoked immediately
- Perpetual revocation disqualifies from any future license issuance

---

### Additional Notes
- Prosecution under this Act does not prevent criminal charges under:
- Revised Penal Code
- Republic Act 9165 (Dangerous Drugs Act)
- Other special laws and local ordinances
- Reminder: Do not drink and drive to prevent accidents and ensure safety.

---

**End of discussion on the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013.**

- Topic Overview: Children's Safety in Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
- Discussion based on Republic Act (RA) 11229: “Child Safety in Motor Vehicle Act”
- Discussion based on RA 10666: “Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015”
- Combined discussion to highlight similarities and differences

- Importance of Child Safety in Motor Vehicles (RA 11229)
- Provides special protection for child passengers in motor vehicles
- Recognizes children’s right to assistance, care, and protection from neglect, abuse, and safety risks
- Aims to prevent traffic-related deaths and injuries among children
- Regulates use of child restraint systems (CRS) in private and public vehicles
- Promotes access to safe, quality, affordable CRS meeting UN standards

- Key Definitions (RA 11229)
- Adult: person 18 years old and above
- Child: person 12 years old and below
- Covered vehicle: private or public motor vehicle as determined by DOTR
- Child Restraint System (CRS): DTI-approved device to secure child passengers, reduce injury during accidents or sudden braking

- Child Safety Requirements in Motor Vehicles
- Children 12 years old and below must sit in the back seat using a CRS
- Children 150 cm (59 inches or 4’11”) or taller may sit in front with proper seatbelt use
- CRS must be properly used at all times, not just present
- Children must never be left unaccompanied in a vehicle, even if secured in CRS

- Exceptions for Children Sitting in Front Seat
- Medical emergencies
- Child has medical, mental, psychological, psychiatric, or developmental conditions
- Other circumstances as determined by DOTR in consultation with DOH

- Regulations on Child Restraint Systems
- Illegal to sell, donate, manufacture, import, or market substandard or expired CRS
- CRS considered expired if over 10 years old or involved in serious accident
- Safety compromised if CRS is worn out or damaged

- Penalties for Violations (RA 11229)
- Driver fines for child not using CRS or sitting in front without meeting conditions:
- 1st offense: ₱1,000
- 2nd offense: ₱2,000
- 3rd and subsequent offenses: ₱5,000 + 1-year driver’s license suspension
- Manufacturers/sellers/importers must secure PS mark or ICC license
- Prohibited to tamper with PS mark or ICC stickers
- Violations result in ₱50,000 to ₱100,000 fines per product + penalties under Consumer Act

- Children’s Safety on Motorcycles (RA 10666)
- Protects children from neglect and abuse related to motorcycle riding
- Regulates motorcycle operation on roads and highways to ensure child safety

- Key Definitions (RA 10666)
- Motorcycles: two-wheeled motor vehicles with one or two saddles
- Public roads: national highways, provincial roads, city/municipal roads, barangay streets
- Foot peg: flat platform on motorcycle for feet support
- Rider: motorcycle driver
- Child: person below 18 years old (broader than RA 11229 definition)

- Restrictions on Children Riding Motorcycles
- Prohibited on public roads with:
- Heavy vehicle volume
- High density of fast-moving vehicles
- Speed limits over 60 km/h
- Children allowed on motorcycles on low-traffic, low-speed roads if:
- Child’s feet can reach foot peg comfortably
- Child can grasp rider’s waist
- Child wears a standard protective helmet

- Penalties for Violations (RA 10666)
- Fines for carrying child passengers unlawfully on motorcycles:
- 1st offense: ₱3,000
- 2nd offense: ₱5,000
- 3rd offense: ₱10,000 + 1-month driver’s license suspension
- Subsequent offenses: automatic driver’s license revocation
- If child passenger dies or is injured in motorcycle accident:
- Rider faces 1-year imprisonment + penalties under Revised Penal Code

- Summary Reminders
- Child safety laws protect children from injury and death in motor vehicles and motorcycles
- Proper use of CRS and helmets is mandatory
- Violations carry fines, license suspensions, and possible imprisonment
- Always accompany children in vehicles; never leave them unattended

- Topic: Anti-Distracted Driving Act (Republic Act 10913)
- Source: Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) Vol. 2, Page 52

- Purpose of the Law:
- Prohibits use of communication devices while driving or temporarily stopped at red lights/intersections
- Protects citizens from injuries caused by vehicular accidents
- Addresses road safety risks from unrestrained use of electronic mobile devices

- Prohibited Activities While Driving:
- Composing, sending, or reading text messages
- Making or receiving calls
- Watching movies, TV shows, or web videos (e.g., YouTube)
- Surfing the internet or using cellphone for calculations
- Reading e-books or emails
- Playing games via mobile apps or electronic devices

- Exception:
- Use of cell phone allowed only to call authorities in emergencies, crimes, or when personal safety/security is compromised

- Allowed Use of Mobile Devices:
- Using cellphone as navigation device (e.g., maps, Waze)
- Device must be placed/mounted in the vehicle’s "safe zone" (does not obstruct line of sight)
- Safe zone placement: below, at same level, or on top of dashboard; max 4 inches above dashboard
- Use of hands-free tools required to avoid distraction
- Cell phone holders recommended over holding device by hand to prevent distraction

- Dashcam Placement:
- Must be placed behind the rearview mirror

- Hands-Free Tools:
- Use speakerphones, headsets, or earpieces for calls
- Avoid headsets if possible as they may hinder hearing surroundings; use only if necessary

- Penalties for Violations:
- 1st offense: ₱5,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱10,000 fine
- 3rd offense: ₱15,000 fine + 3 months license suspension
- Subsequent offenses: ₱20,000 fine + license revocation

- Special Penalties for Public Utility Vehicles, School Buses, and Carriers of Hazardous Materials:
- Violation within 50 meters of school premises: ₱30,000 fine + 3 months license suspension

- Topic: Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act (Republic Act No. 11235)
- Purpose: Prevent and penalize the use of motorcycles in crimes by requiring bigger, readable, and color-coded number plates and identification marks.

---

### Key Definitions
- Back rider: Passenger seated at the back of a motorcycle.
- Driver: Person driving or controlling a motorcycle.
- Motorcycle: Powered two or three-wheeled motor vehicle (includes scooters, mopeds, sidecars, tricycles, government-owned vehicles).
- Owner: Registered owner or person with actual control/possession of a motorcycle (registered or not).
- Number plates: LTO-issued license plates with standard alphanumeric characters per RA 4136 (Land Transportation and Traffic Code).

---

### Important Provisions
- Section 4:
- Motorcycle owners must register with LTO within 5 days of acquisition.
- Must report any sale or disposition (including second-hand sales) immediately to LTO.
- Penalties for non-compliance: Arresto mayor (imprisonment), fine ₱20,000–₱50,000, or both.

- Section 5:
- LTO to issue bigger, readable, color-coded number plates.
- Number plates must be readable from front, back, and side at 15 meters distance.
- LTO determines font style and size.

- Section 7:
- Driving without or with unreadable number plates is prohibited.

- Section 9:
- Use of motorcycle in crime or escape: Owner, driver, and passenger involved face penalties from reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua (per Revised Penal Code).
- If motorcycle used in crime, maximum penalty of the crime applies.
- If death or serious injury results, penalty is reclusion perpetua.

- Section 10:
- Motorcycles used in crimes shall be impounded by PNP as evidence until case termination.
- Motorcycles forfeited to government unless defendant found not guilty or motorcycle belongs to innocent third party.

- Section 11:
- Lost, damaged, or stolen number plates must be reported immediately to LTO and PNP for replacement.
- Failure to report results in fine ₱20,000–₱50,000.

- Section 12:
- Erasing, tampering, altering, forging, imitating, covering, or concealing number plates is punishable.

- Section 13:
- Use of stolen number plates punishable by prison mayor and fine ₱50,000–₱100,000 or both.

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### Objective
- Ensure public safety from motorcycle-related crimes.
- Protect lawful motorcycle owners and their property

- Overview: Joint Administrative Order No. 2014-01 (June 2, 2014)
- Covers Traffic and Administrative Rules, Violations, Fines, and Penalties.
- Based on Executive Orders No. 125, 125-A, and Administrative Code of 1997.
- Department of Transportation (DOTr) empowered to prescribe rules, fines, and penalties for land transportation violations.
- Two main violation categories:
1. Licensing-related violations.
2. Motor vehicle registration, renewal, and operation violations.

---

### Licensing-Related Violations & Penalties

- Driving without valid driver’s license/conductor’s permit
- Fine: ₱3,000
- Penalty: 1-year disqualification from getting a license.

- Driving a vehicle used in commission of a crime
- Fine: ₱10,000
- Penalty: Perpetual disqualification from getting a license.

- Commission of a crime during apprehension (upon court conviction)
- Fine: ₱10,000
- Penalty: 5-year disqualification from license.

- Driving under influence (alcohol, drugs, etc.) - per RA 10586
- No physical injury/homicide:
- Imprisonment: 3 months
- Fine: ₱20,000 - ₱80,000
- Resulted in physical injuries:
- Imprisonment per Revised Penal Code Article 263
- Fine: ₱100,000 - ₱200,000
- Resulted in homicide:
- Imprisonment per Revised Penal Code Article 249
- Fine: ₱300,000 - ₱500,000

- Driver’s license confiscation and suspension/revocation
- Non-professional license:
- 1st conviction: Confiscated + 12-month suspension
- 2nd conviction: Perpetual revocation
- Professional license:
- 1st conviction: Confiscated + perpetual revocation
- Perpetual revocation disqualifies from any future license issuance.

- Reckless driving penalties
- 1st offense: ₱2,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱3,000 fine + 3-month license suspension
- 3rd offense: ₱10,000 fine + 6-month license suspension
- Subsequent offenses: License revocation
- Revoked non-professional license: 2-year disqualification
- Revoked professional license: Perpetual disqualification
- Suspension starts after fine payment.

- Submission of fake documents for license application
- Fine: ₱3,000
- License revoked
- 1-year disqualification from license issuance and driving
- Criminal charges imposed.

- Failure to wear seat belt
- 1st offense: ₱1,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱2,000 fine
- 3rd offense and subsequent: ₱5,000 fine + 1-week license suspension

- Failure to require passengers to wear seat belts (public utility vehicles)
- Driver and operator fined ₱3,000 per violation.

- Failure to wear standard protective motorcycle helmet (rider and back rider)
- 1st offense: ₱1,500 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱3,000 fine
- 3rd offense: ₱5,000 fine
- 4th and subsequent offenses: ₱10,000 fine

- Failure to carry driver’s license, registration, or official receipt
- Fine: ₱1,000

- Other traffic violations (fine ₱1,000 each)
- Illegal parking
- Disregarding traffic signs
- Passengers on top/cover of vehicle (except truck helper)
- Failure to provide canvas cover on cargo/freight trucks
- Passengers on running board, step board, mudguard
- Failure to dim lights when approaching another vehicle
- Driving/parking in unauthorized areas
- Hitching or permitting hitching of persons or vehicles
- Driving against traffic
- Illegal turns
- Illegal or unsafe overtaking (various conditions)
- Failure to yield right of way (various scenarios including intersections, pedestrians, emergency vehicles)
- Failure to give appropriate signals
- Unsafe parking procedures (ignition off, handbrake set)
- Unsafe towing
- Obstructing traffic flow during loading/unloading or passenger boarding
- Motorcycle carrying extra passengers or cargo beyond allowed
- Refusal to render service or convey passengers
- Overcharging passengers
- No franchise or certificate of public convenience

- Introduction
- Continuation of discussion on Joint Administrative Order No. 2014-01
- Covers Traffic and Administrative Rules, Violations, Fines, and Penalties
- Focus on violations related to:
- Dimensions, Specifications, Weight and Load Limits of motor vehicles
- Franchise of Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs)

- Violations on Dimensions, Specifications, Weight and Load Limits
- Load Extending Beyond Projected Width Without Permit
- Fine: ₱1,000 for driver operating vehicle with load extending beyond width without permit
- Axle Overloading
- Fine: 25% of Motor Vehicle Usage Charge (road user’s tax) for loading beyond registered gross weight
- Penalty waived if load exceeds registered GVW by less than 5%
- No vehicle allowed if dual-wheel axle load > 13,500 kg or vehicle load > 150% max allowable gross weight
- Operating Passenger Bus or Truck with Cargo Exceeding 160 kg
- Fine: ₱1,000 for driver and conductor

- Violations Related to Franchise of Public Utility Vehicles
- Colorum Violation (Operating without proper franchise)
- Fines:
- Buses: ₱1,000,000
- Trucks: ₱200,000
- Jeepneys: ₱50,000
- Vans: ₱200,000
- Sedan cars: ₱120,000
- Motorcycles: ₱6,000
- Minimum impounding: 3 months for all vehicle types
- First Offense Penalties:
- Revocation of entire Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC) except private/green plate vehicles
- Blacklisting of apprehended vehicle and all authorized units under CPC
- Revocation of registration of apprehended vehicle and all authorized units under franchise
- Second Offense Penalties:
- Revocation of all CPCs or entire fleet of operator
- Disqualification of operator and, if corporation, all stockholders and directors from public land transport operation
- Blacklisting entire fleet from public utility use
- Revocation of registration of entire fleet
- Offense frequency counted per operator, not per vehicle or CPC
- Private vehicles operating as PUV without LTFRB authority face additional disqualification penalties

- Other Franchise-Related Violations and Penalties
- Refusal to render service or convey passengers to destination
- Overcharging or undercharging fare
- Failure to provide proper body marking
- No franchise/CPC or evidence of franchise during apprehension
- Fines and penalties:
- 1st offense: ₱5,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱10,000 fine + 30-day impounding
- 3rd and subsequent offenses: ₱15,000 fine + cancellation of CPC

- Fraud and Falsities
- Presentation of fake/spurious CPC, OR/CR, plates, stickers, tags
- Penalty: Revocation/cancellation of franchise after due hearing (per Memorandum Circular No. 2013-003)

- Driver-Related Violations
- Employing reckless, insolent, discourteous, or arrogant drivers
- Penalties same as other franchise violations:
- 1st offense: ₱5,000 fine
- 2nd offense: ₱10,000 fine + 30-day impounding
- 3rd+ offense: ₱15,000 fine + CPC cancellation

- Additional Violations with Same Penalties
- Allowing unauthorized driver or driver without license to operate PUV
- Operating unit with defective parts/accessories
- Failure to provide fare discount to entitled persons
- Failure to provide updated operator info (address, contacts, drivers list)
- Failure to display “No Smoking” signage or allowing smoking inside vehicle
- Taxi-specific violations:
- Faulty, tampered, defective taximeter or operating without/old seal
- Tampered/broken/altered sealing wire
- Public Utility Bus and Taxi-specific violations:
- Violation of color scheme/design or unauthorized new design
- Unregistered/unauthorized trade/business name
- PUJ, PUB, UV-specific violations:
- No panel route or sign board
- Picking up/dropping passengers outside terminal
- Trip cutting
- Failure to display fare matrix
- Failure to display International Symbol of Accessibility or refusal to transport PWDs
- Carrying illegal/prohibited cargoes
- Failure to provide fire extinguisher and required “STOP and GO” signage (STS only)
- Breach of franchise conditions under 2011 Revised Terms and Conditions of

- Introduction to Gender and Development (GAD)
- GAD discussed as part of the module for student drivers.
- Based on Republic Act No. 7192 (Women in Development and Nation Building Act).
- Promotes integration of women as equal partners with men in development and nation building.
- Not about gender conflict, male bashing, or attacking men.
- Recognizes discrimination can affect both genders but impacts women more frequently.

- Key Concepts: Equality vs. Equity
- Equality: Similar treatment guaranteed legally, constitutionally, and divinely; a fundamental right.
- Equity: Fair sharing of resources/opportunities based on individual needs and circumstances.
- Equality benefits all but does not address specific individual needs.
- Equity provides more support to those who need it to achieve fairness.
- Government and NGOs tasked to implement GAD to minimize/eliminate gender discrimination and promote equality.

- Legal Basis and Laws on Gender and Development
- 1987 Constitution, Article III: Right to equality and non-discrimination.
- Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women): Comprehensive women’s human rights law focusing on marginalized sectors.
- Executive Order No. 227 (New Family Code of the Philippines).
- Republic Act No. 7192 (Women in Development and Nation Building Act).

- Additional Relevant Laws
- RA No. 6725: Strengthens prohibition of discrimination against women in employment terms/conditions.
- RA No. 7322: Increases maternity benefits for women workers in private sector.
- RA No. 7655: Increases minimum wage for house helpers.
- RA No. 7877: Declares sexual harassment unlawful in employment, education, training.
- RA No. 6949: Declares March 8 as National Women’s Day (special working holiday).
- RA No. 9262: Defines violence against women and children; provides protective measures and penalties.

- Government Offices Involved in GAD
- Philippine Commission on Women (PCW): Formerly NCRFW; promotes full integration of women in all development sectors on equal basis with men.
- Civil Service Commission (CSC): Issues memo encouraging use of non-sexist, gender-sensitive language in government documents.
- Bureau of Women and Young Workers (DOLE): Declares March as National Women’s Month.

- Development Plans for Women
- Executive Order No. 348: Philippine Development Plan for Women.
- Executive Order No. 273: Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development.
- Both mandate GAD implementation aligned with constitutionally guaranteed human rights.
- Vision: Society promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment per UN 4th World Conference Platform for Action.

- Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in Public Utility Vehicles (PUV)
- RA No. 11313, Section 7: LTO and LTFRB may suspend/revoke driver’s license and operator’s Certificate of Convenience for gender-based sexual harassment during PUV operation.

- Understanding Sex vs. Gender
- Sex: Biologically determined; based on physical/physiological traits; categorized as male or female.
- Gender: Socially and culturally defined; roles, behaviors, expressions, identities; learned behavior.
- Gender is non-binary, exists on a continuum, and can change over time.
- GAD programs emphasize equality regardless of sex or gender.

- Core Message
- Promotion of GAD requires changing perceptions to view gender relationships as mutual and partnership-based.
- Equality and equity are essential to achieving fairness and eliminating discrimination