Motivation-and-Emotional-Behavior
Page 1: Introduction to Psychology
Page 2: Definition of Motivation
Motivation drives individuals, giving them the drive and direction to engage with their environment adaptively.
Influenced by goals, values, and emotions related to certain outcomes (Reeve, 2015).
Measurable through behavior, engagement, neural activation, and psychophysiological responses; self-reports often unreliable (Reeve, 2015).
Page 3: Visible Indicators of Motivation
Signs of motivation include:
Gestures and facial expressions
Intense effort
Immediacy in actions
Persistence and decisiveness in action can indicate motivation levels (Atkinson & Birch, 1970; 1978; Bolles, 1975; Ekman & Friesen, 1975).
Page 4: Engagement as an Indicator of Motivation
Motivation can be observed through levels of engagement in activities.
In coaching or motivational interviews, a practitioner:
Engages actively (agentic)
Shows interest and enjoyment (emotional)
Processes information deeply (cognitive)
Demonstrates persistent efforts (behavioral).
Page 5: Psychophysiological Expression of Motivation
Motivation expressed through psychophysiological responses:
These include five key expressions of motivation (details not provided).
Page 6: Motives and Needs
Motives ignite human behavior, often framed as needs.
Every human behavior attempts to satisfy a specific need.
Page 7: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation:
Engaging in activities for enjoyment or challenge, driven by internal rewards.
Extrinsic Motivation:
Pursuing activities to obtain external rewards or avoid punishments.
Common in daily life, such as studying for an exam or writing papers.
Page 8: Comparison of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic:
Autonomy, mastery, purpose
Extrinsic:
Compensation, punishment, reward.
Page 9: Perspectives on Motivation
Behavioral View:
Motivation depends on environmental incentives and rewards.
Humanistic Perspective:
Focuses on nurturing inner resources, self-esteem, self-actualization (Maslow, 1970).
Page 10: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Four lower-level needs:
Survival, safety, belonging, and self-esteem
Satisfaction of these needs decreases motivation, whereas meeting higher-level needs (intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, self-actualization) increases it.
Page 11: Attribution Theory of Motivation
Cognitive explanation for how individuals attribute reasons for success and failure that affect motivation (Weiner).
Explores dimensions of attributed causes for motivation.
Page 12: Dimensions of Attribution
Locus:
Internal vs. external causes.
Stability:
Whether causes remain constant or change.
Controllability:
Degree of personal control over the cause.
Page 13: Understanding Emotions
Introduction to the concept of emotions in psychology.
Page 14: Definition of Emotion
Emotions are conscious, subjective experiences with mental states and physiological reactions.
Distinction between emotions, feelings, and moods, emphasizing their differences.
Page 15: APA Definition of Emotion
Emotion as a complex reaction pattern involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements.
Feelings arise from emotional experiences; moods are low-intensity emotional states without clear stimuli.
Page 16: Link Between Motivation and Emotion
Three reasons for the connection between motivation and emotion:
Both energize behavior.
Emotions often accompany motives.
Basic emotions possess intrinsic motivational properties.
Page 17: Emotional Experience and Physiological Response
Emotional experiences include physiological responses from the autonomic nervous system.
Page 18: Role of Facial Expressions
Strong autonomic physiological responses correspond to the resemblance of facial expressions during the emotion.
Behavioral responses linked to societal norms and personality traits.
Page 19: Challenges in Measuring Emotion
Emotion is harder to define than other human responses, often studied in basic emotions, psychological responses, and emotional intelligence.
Page 20: Basic Emotions
Paul Ekman's six basic emotions identified via facial expressions:
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust.
Expanded list includes embarrassment, excitement, contempt, shame, pride, satisfaction, amusement in 1999.
Page 21: Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
Robert Plutchik identified eight basic emotions paired as opposites:
joy/sadness, anger/fear, trust/disgust, surprise/anticipation, forming a wheel of emotions.
Page 22: Complex Emotions
Defined as aggregates of basic emotions, such as grief and jealousy.
Example: Hate as a fusion of fear, anger, and disgust.
Page 23: James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Hypothesizes that physiological stimuli cause autonomic nervous system reactions, leading to emotional experiences—responses occur before emotions.
Page 24: Facial-Feedback Theory
Suggests facial expressions are crucial in experiencing emotions, where physical changes influence emotional states.
Page 25: Cannon-Bard Theory
Developed to counter the James-Lange theory, positing that bodily changes and emotions occur simultaneously.
Page 26: Schachter-Singer Theory
Introduces reasoning into emotional processes, where physiological arousal prompts individuals to find a reason for their emotion.
Page 27: Conclusion
Closing notes for the session.