APES Review

APES Review Notes

Page 1

  • Matching questions:
    • Largest hydroelectric dam in the world: D
    • Desalination as a major freshwater source: E (Middle East)
    • Deforestation for soybean fields and livestock: F (Amazon)
    • Deforestation for palm plantations: G (Indonesia/Borneo)
    • Methane release due to melting: B
    • Largest proven oil reserves (formerly): E (Saudi Arabia)
    • Largest human population (currently, soon India): D
    • Ogallala Aquifer: A
    • Overallocated Colorado River/Lake Mead: C
    • Permafrost melting: B
  • Matching (Keystone, Alien/Invasive, Indicator):
    • Wolves in Yellowstone: a (Keystone)
    • Cane Toads in Australia: b (Alien, Invasive, Non-native)
    • Hermaphrodite frogs: c (Indicator)
    • Burmese pythons in Florida: b (Alien, Invasive, Non-native)
    • Lionfish in the Caribbean: b (Alien, Invasive, Non-native)
    • Bees/Flying Foxes (bats): a (Keystone)
    • Pollinators and Apex Predators: a (Keystone)
    • Nile Perch, Water Hyacinth, Weevils in Lake Victoria: b (Alien, Invasive, Non-native)
    • Sea otters in Kelp Forests: a (Keystone)
    • Zebra mussels/Asian Carp in U.S. waters: b (Alien, Invasive, Non-native)

Page 2

  • Plate Tectonics:
    • New crust creation at divergent plate boundary: G & H (Bottom of ocean)
    • Hot spot creating an island arc: E (Hawaii)
    • Subduction creating volcanic island arc/earthquakes: D & C (Japan)
    • Subduction creating volcanic mountain range/earthquakes: F (Andes)
    • Uplift creating folded mountain range: B (Himalayas)
    • Subduction/earthquake/tsunami: D & C (Japan + Indian Ocean)
    • Rift Valley creation due to divergent plate boundary: A
  • Matching (Diseases):
    • Malaria: f (Parasite - mosquito, high fever)
    • Tuberculosis/MDR-TB: d (Bacteria - lungs, becoming antibiotic resistant)
    • AIDS: a (Virus - devastating Sub Saharan Africa)
    • Kwashiorkor: b (Some calories, lack of protein)
    • Zika: e (Virus - mosquito, microcephaly)
    • Minamata Disease: c (Mercury poisoning)

Page 3

  • El Niño Effects:
    • Increased precipitation during El Niño: B
    • Drought conditions during El Niño: A
    • Upwelling suppressed: C (during El Niño)
    • Increased possibility of mudslides/landslides: B
    • Cooler than normal ocean water temperatures: A
    • Difference between El Niño and ENSO: El Niño is a part of ENSO.
  • Soil Horizons:
    • O (Organic): Leaf litter, organic matter that hasn't decayed
    • A (Surface): First layer of actual soil, Humus
    • C (Substratum): Parent material
    • R (Bedrock): Bedrock

Page 4

  • Global Air Circulation:
    • Highlight the equator.
    • Draw the six major convection cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar) with heated air rising at the equator and sinking at 30 degrees.
    • Shade the three major regions where there are tropical rainforests.
    • Terrestrial biome between 50 and 60 degrees north: Taiga
    • Biome north of 60 degrees (before polar ice cap): Tundra
    • Star over the region with 24 hours of darkness in June; X on the region with 24 hours of darkness in December.
  • Demographic Transition Model:
    • Stage 1: Pre-industrial - High infant mortality and disease offsetting a high birth rate.
    • Stage 2: Transitional - Most rapid population growth; developing world