AP Psychology: Module 3.7a Classical Conditioning: Basic Concepts

Module Overview

• Focus on classical conditioning as a form of learning through experience.

Learning Targets

• 3.7-1: Define learning and basic forms.

• 3.7-2: Explain behaviorism's view of learning.

• 3.7-3: Identify Pavlov and classical conditioning components.

• 3.7-4: Explain processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination.

• 3.7-5: Discuss the importance of Pavlov's work.

Definition of Learning

• Learning: Adapting through experience to acquire new, enduring information or behaviors.

• Forms of learning: Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning, observational learning.

Behaviorism's Perspective

• Founded by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson.

• Emphasis on observable behavior over mental processes—psychology as an objective science.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

• Pavlov's experiments demonstrated associative learning.

• Components of conditioning:

  • UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).

  • UCR (Unconditioned Response): Natural response to UCS (e.g., salivation).

  • NS (Neutral Stimulus): Initially does not trigger a response (e.g., tone).

  • CS (Conditioned Stimulus): NS that triggers a response after association with UCS.

  • CR (Conditioned Response): Learned response to CS (e.g., salivation in response to tone).

Classical Conditioning Processes

• Acquisition: Initial learning phase where NS becomes CS.

• Extinction: Diminished response when CS is presented without UCS.

• Spontaneous Recovery: Return of weakened CR after a pause.

• Generalization: Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

• Discrimination: Differentiating between CS and irrelevant stimuli.

Importance of Pavlov's Work

• Pioneered objective study of learning.

• Classical conditioning applies universally across species for adaptive behavior.

• Established a scientific model for studying psychology through measurable behaviors.