Study Notes for Chapter 22: Psychiatry

Chapter Overview

• Title: Chapter 22 - Psychiatry

• Objective: To understand the basic concepts, terms, and therapies related to psychiatry.

Chapter Goals

• Differentiate between Professional Roles

  • Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist vs. Other Mental Health Specialists

• Understand Testing Tools

  • Tests employed by clinical psychologists to assess mental health and intelligence

• Define Psychiatric Terminology

  • Identify key terms associated with major psychiatric disorders

• Identify Psychiatric Symptoms

• Therapeutic Interventions

  • Compare various therapies suitable for psychiatric disorders

• Drug Categories

  • Familiarize with common psychiatric drugs and their classifications

• Medical Terminology Application

- Utilize combining forms, suffixes, prefixes, and abbreviations pertinent to psychiatry

Introduction to Psychiatry

• Definition of Psychiatry:

  • Psychiatry is the medical field focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses.

Professionals in Psychiatry

• Psychiatrist:

  • Medical doctor (MD) specialized in diagnosing and treating mental disorders.

• Psychologist:

  • Non-medical professional specializing in mental processes and behaviors.

• Clinical Psychologist:

- Hold a doctoral degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D) and provide psychological assessment and treatment.

Tools Used in Psychiatry

Psychiatrists' Tools

• Psychotherapy

• Psychoanalysis

• Drug Therapy

Tools Used by Clinical Psychologists

• Psychotherapy

• Psychoanalysis

• Intelligence Tests

• Mental Processing Tests

• Memory Tests

- Personality Tests

Psychiatric Clinical Symptoms

• Abnormal Behaviors According to Health Professionals:

  • Amnesia

  • Anxiety

  • Apathy

  • Autistic thought

  • Compulsion

  • Conversion disorder

  • Delusion

  • Dissociation

  • Dysphoria

  • Euphoria

  • Hallucination

  • Labile (emotional instability)

  • Mania

  • Mutism

  • Obsession

- Paranoia

Types of Psychiatric Disorders

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality Structure

• Concepts:

  • Id: Instinctual drives

  • Ego: Rational part

  • Superego: Moral conscience

• Defense Mechanisms: Techniques for dealing with internal conflicts

Categories of Psychiatric Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders:

  • Characterized by excessive worry and avoidance behavior

  • Types:

  • Phobic disorders: Agoraphobia, Acrophobia, Claustrophobia, Zoophobia

  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Recurrences of thoughts and rituals

  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Fear and distress following trauma

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Chronic tension and exaggerated worry

• Delirium and Dementia:

  • Delirium: Confusion, incoherent speech, sensory misperception

  • Dementia: Gradual loss of cognitive functions, impaired judgment, memory, and personality

• Dissociative Disorders:

  • Disturbances in memory and identity

  • Types:

  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personalities)

  • Dissociative Amnesia (loss of personal information)

  • Dissociative Fugue (sudden travel away from customary surroundings)

• Eating Disorders:

  • Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme dieting and weight refusal

- Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging

Mood Disorders

• Prolonged emotional states affecting mental life

• Types:

  • Bipolar Disorder: Alternating manic and depressive episodes

  • Cyclothymic Disorder: Mild bipolar with periods of hypomania

  • Depressive Disorder: Major depression, chronic sadness

  • Dysthymic Disorder: Chronic low mood

- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression related to seasonal changes

Personality Disorders

• Impairment in relationships and emotional regulation

• Types:

  • Antisocial Personality Disorder

  • Borderline Personality Disorder

  • Histrionic Personality Disorder

  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder

  • Paranoid Personality Disorder

- Schizoid Personality Disorder

Additional Psychiatric Disorders

Pervasive Developmental Disorders

• Examples:

  • Autism

- Asperger Syndrome

Schizophrenia

• Chronic psychotic disorder with symptoms like:

  • Delusions

  • Hallucinations

  • Disorganized thoughts

  • Flat affect

  • Social withdrawal

- Types: Catatonic, Disorganized, Paranoid, Residual

Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders

• Defined by strong and persistent cross-gender identification

• Examples:

  • Sexual Masochism

  • Sexual Sadism

  • Transvestic Fetishism

  • Voyeurism

  • Exhibitionism

  • Fetishism

- Pedophilia

Somatoform Disorders

• Mental conflicts expressed as physical symptoms

• Types:

  • Conversion Disorder (repressed conflicts manifest as physical symptoms)

- Hypochondriasis (preoccupation with bodily symptoms)

Substance-Related Disorders

• Definitions:

  • Psychological Dependence: Compulsion to use a drug despite harm

  • Physiological Dependence: Experience withdrawal upon abrupt cessation

  • Tolerance: Need for greater amounts of the drug over time

• Commonly Abused Substances:

  • Alcohol

  • Amphetamines

  • Cannabis (Marijuana)

  • Cocaine

  • Hallucinogens

  • Opioids

- Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anxiolytics

Therapeutic Terminology

Types of Therapy

• Psychotherapy: Various methods to help with mental health issues, such as:

  • Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

  • Family Therapy

  • Group Therapy

  • Hypnosis

  • Insight-Oriented Psychotherapy

  • Play Therapy

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Sex Therapy

  • Supportive Psychotherapy

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Electric current induces convulsions to treat severe depression

- Drug Therapy: Use of medications to manage or alleviate symptoms

Common Psychiatric Drug Categories

Antianxiety and Antipanic Agents

• Examples:

  • Alprazolam (Xanax)

  • Clonazepam (Klonopin)

  • Diazepam (Valium)

  • Lorazepam (Ativan)

- Mechanism: Benzodiazepines have anxiolytic effects

Antidepressants

• Types:

  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Escitalopram (Lexapro), Sertraline (Zoloft), Fluoxetine (Prozac)

  • Tricyclic Antidepressants: Amitriptyline (Elavil), Imipramine (Tofranil)

- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Phenelzine (Nardil)

Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)

• Atypical Antipsychotics: Aripiprazole (Ability), Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

- Phenothiazine Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Thiothixene (Navane)

Mood Stabilizers

- Examples: Lithium (Eskalith, Lithane), Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Valproate (Depakene, Depakote)

Stimulants

- Examples for ADHD Treatment: Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)

Vocabulary Related to Psychiatric Disorders

• Key Terms

  • Affect: External expression of emotion

  • Amnesia: Loss of memory

  • Anxiety Disorders: Characterized by distress and avoidance behavior

  • Apathy: Lack of interest or emotion

  • Autism: Developmental disorder with impaired social interaction

  • Bipolar Disorder: Mood disorder with alternating mania and depression

  • Bulimia Nervosa: Eating disorder with binge-purge cycles

  • Compulsion: Urge to perform an act repeatedly

  • Conversion Disorder: Physical symptoms due to mental conflicts

- Defense Mechanism: Techniques to conceal conflicts and anxiety

Abbreviations in Psychiatry

• Common Abbreviations:

  • ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

  • CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

  • DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised

  • ECT: Electroconvulsive Therapy

  • GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  • MDD: Major Depressive Disorder

- PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Combining Forms and Terminology

Key Combining Forms:

• Examples:

  • anxi/o: anxiety

  • psych/o: mind

  • neur/o: nerve

  • somat/o: body

• Common Suffixes:

  • -mania: obsession

  • -phobia: fear

- -genic: produced by

Quick Quizzes

1. Fear of Strangers:

   • Correct Answer: Xenophobia

2. Professional with MD:

   • Correct Answer: Psychiatrist

3. Uncontrollable Urge to Act:

   • Correct Answer: Compulsion