cell growth vocab

1.cell cycle	the process of cellular reproduction, occurring in three main stages ---interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
2. primase	enzyme that adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer on each DNA strand as the helix unwinds.
3. telomere	protective cap made of DNA that is found on the ends of a chromosome

4.mitosis	in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
5. DNA ligase	enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together
6. DNA helicase	enzyme that unwinds and unzips the double helix
7. cytokinesis	third main stage of the cell cycle , during which a cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
8. centrioles	cell structures found in animal cells that help initiate the development of the spindle for mitosis
9. replication	process of copying DNA prior to cell division
10.chromosome	in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
11. interphase	first stage of the cell cycle during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA
12. cell division	the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
13. sister chromatid	structure that contains identical DNA copies, formed during DNA replication, and is joined at the centromere
14. chromatin	relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell
15. centromere	the region of the cell structure that joins two sister chromatids that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
16. semiconservative replication	method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
17. prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis where the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes and become visible
18.metaphase	second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
19.anaphase	Third phase of mitosis where the centromeres split, allowing the sister chromatids to separate and become individual chromosomes. Anaphase end when the chromosomes stop moving
20.spindle apparatus	a network of microtubules which appears during mitosis, it helps guide the chromatids to the ends of the cell
21. telophase	the last stage of mitosis in which nuclei reappear; two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided
22. cyclin	One of a family of closely relates proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
23. cancer	a tumor in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive
24. xylem	Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots in every part of a plant
25. phloem	Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
26. nucleosome	repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones
27. sister chromatid	structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication
28. epithelial	The thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures
28. palisade cells	Layer of tall, column-shaped cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf
30.stomata	Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
31. guard cells	Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
32.primase	enzyme that adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand as the helix unwinds
33. Okazaki fragment	short segment of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in the 3' to 5' direction by DNA polymerase
34. Asexual reproduction	process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical. Example: budding, binary fission
35. Synthesis	the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials. (composition or combination of elements to form a whole)
36.mutation	A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecules.