Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

  • Definition:

    • Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the study of programmed systems that simulate human activities like perceiving, thinking, learning, and acting.

Areas of AI

  • Examples:

    • Vision

    • Deep Learning

    • Predictive Analytics

    • Speech and Language Processing (NLP)

    • Expert Systems

    • Machine Learning

    • Robotics

Scope of the Field

  • Artificial Intelligence:

    • Programs with the ability to learn and reason like humans.

  • Machine Learning:

    • Algorithms that learn without explicit programming.

  • Deep Learning:

    • Subset of machine learning using artificial neural networks that adapt and learn from data.

Intersection with Other Fields

  • AI intertwines with:

    • Machine Learning

    • Data Science

    • Deep Learning

Purpose of AI

  • General objectives include:

    • Making computers think and act like humans.

    • Ensuring rational behavior, defined as making the right decisions.

Intelligent Agents

  • Software Agents:

    • Designed to perform specific tasks, e.g., email classification, web searches.

  • Physical Agents:

    • Programmable systems (robots) performing various tasks such as assembly or delivery.

    • Examples include: manufacturing robots, humanoid robots, underwater prospecting robots.

Agent Faculties

  • Fundamental faculties of intelligence include:

    • Acting

    • Sensing

    • Reasoning (understanding)

    • Learning

AI Applications

  • AI applications include fields such as:

    • Finance

    • Robotics

    • Games

    • Medicine

    • The Web

Programming Languages for AI

  • Commonly used programming languages:

    • C++, Java, Python

  • Specific AI languages:

    • LISP

    • PROLOG

History of AI

  • Turing Test (1950):

    • Developed by Alan Turing to evaluate machine intelligence through natural language conversation.

  • Dartmouth Conference (1956):

    • Considered the birth of AI; first AI conference.

    • Logic Theorist program created by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.

  • Key Milestones:

    • 1965: First expert system for chemists.

    • 1966: Creation of Eliza for patient interaction.

    • 1974: Development of MYCIN for medical diagnosis.

    • 1989: Chess playing program defeats grandmaster.

Problem Solving Approaches

  • Deep Blue Chess Matches:

    • Matches between Garry Kasparov and IBM's Deep Blue; showcases advancements in AI.

  • N Queens' and Tower of Hanoi Problems:

    • Classic AI problems demonstrating problem-solving abilities of AI systems.