Changes in Medicine: 1700-1900s

Key Figures in Medicine (1700-1900s)

Edward Jenner: Developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by experimenting with cowpox, saving many lives.
Karl Landsteiner: Discovered blood groups (A, B, AB, O) in 1901, making blood transfusions safer by understanding blood compatibility.
Edwin Chadwick: Advocated for improved living standards and sanitation, linking poor conditions to disease spread; instrumental in the 1834 Poor Law.
Thomas Crapper: Refined plumbing and sanitary fittings, improving sanitation and laying the foundation for modern toilets.
Robert Koch: Discovered that specific bacteria cause diseases like anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera (1876-1882), leading to treatments like antibiotics and vaccines.
Andrew Pears: Created the first high-quality transparent soap from natural ingredients, improving hygiene accessibility.
Sarah Chapman: Led a strike to improve health standards for workers, particularly women in the match industry, and advocated for workers' rights.

Smallpox Vaccine (Jenner, 1796):
- Jenner's experiment demonstrated immunity to smallpox via cowpox inoculation.
- Significantly reduced deaths from the deadly smallpox.
Blood Groups (Landsteiner, 1901):
- Discovered A, B, AB, and O blood types.
- Prevented adverse reactions during blood transfusions by ensuring compatibility.

Edwin Chadwick (1842):
- Linked poor living conditions to disease.
- Advocated for improved sanitation and living standards.
Thomas Crapper (19th Century):
- Improved waste disposal methods.
- Advanced toilet technology, enhancing public sanitation.

Robert Koch (Late 1800s):
- Identified specific bacteria causing diseases (anthrax, tuberculosis, cholera).
- Proved germ theory, leading to targeted treatments.

Andrew Pears (1789):
- Created high-quality transparent soap, improving hygiene.
- Increased public awareness of cleanliness.
Sarah Chapman (1888):
- Fought for better working conditions in the match industry.
- Addressed health hazards like phossy jaw."