*BOARD EXAM STUDY

DEVELOPMENT

4 weeks :

·         Baby can fist hands

·         Head sags but can hold head erect for a few seconds

·         Follows moving objects to midline

·         Responds to speech

·         Smiles preferentially at mother

BRAIN

Language, reading, and writing difficulties are associated with damage to the left temporal and parietal lobes, which contain the Wernicke and Broca areas.

The cerebral cortex is responsible for receiving incoming sensory information from the thalamus.

The limbic system’s amygdala is responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, anxiety, panic, and aggression.

The limbic system’s hippocampus converts short-term memory into long-term memory.

The basal ganglia stabilizes somatic motor activity.

Abstract thinking is impacted by damage to the frontal and pre-frontal lobes. Disturbances of orientation indicate damage to the temporal, frontal, and cingulate cortex.

Hypernatremia – Restlessness

Hyponatremia – Confusion, apprehension, lethargy

Right hemisphere of brain – recognition of facial expressions, music, and visual images. When compromised, there are disturbances in drawing, such as clock drawing.

Capgras syndrome – Belief that a person has been replaced by an impostor

Clarembault syndrome – Erotomania

Fregoli syndrome – Belief that different people are actually a single person in disguise

Delusion of doubles – Belief that a person has a doppelganger; ‘Mirror Image’ from Twilight Zone

Broca’s area – associated with fluency of speech. Damage results in expressive aphasia.

Wernicke’s area – associated with comprehension. Damage results in receptive aphasia.

Hyponatremia :

·         Apprehension (anxiety)

·         Seizures

·         Coma

·         Hypotension

·         Tachycardia

·         Decreased urine output

·         Weight gain

·         Edema

·         Ascites

·         Jugular vein distension

Hypernatremia :

·         Convulsions

·         Pulmonary edema

·         Thirst

·         Fever

·         Dry mucous membranes

·         Hypotension

·         Tachycardia

·         Low jugular venous pressure

·         Restlessness

INSURANCE

Medicare Part B covers:

·         Pap smears

·         Mammography

·         Screening for colorectal cancer

·         Screening for prostate cancer

·         Screening for cardiovascular disease

·         Screening for diabetes

·         Glaucoma screening

·         Influenza vaccinations

·         Pneumonia vaccinations

DEVELOPMENT

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development :

·         Oral: birth to 12-18 months

o   Successful resolution of this stage results in the capacity to give and receive from others without excessive dependence or envy.

o   Coincides with Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage

·         Anal: 12-18 months to 3 years

·         Phallic: 3 to 5-6 years

·         Latency: 5-6 years to adolescence

·         Genital: adolescence to adulthood

Children usually begin to create friendships and enjoy interactions at 3 years of age.

Erikson’s stages:

Trust vs. Mistrust: Hope

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Will

Initiative vs. Guilt: Purpose

Industry vs. Inferiority: Competence

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity

Intimacy vs. Isolation: Love

Generativity vs. Stagnation: Care

Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Wisdom

Behavioral development

At 3 years of age can:

• Ride tricycle, jump from bottom of steps, alternate feet going up stairs, build tower of 9 or 10 cubes, imitate a three-cube bridge, copy a circle and a cross drawing, put on shoes, unbutton buttons, feed self well, understand taking turns with others