FREUD

Freud's view of Human Nature

  • Behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual drives.

Conscious

  • This is where our current thoughts, feelings and focus live.

Preconscious

  • “subconscious”
  • This is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory.

Unconscious

  • At the deepest level of our mind resides a repository of the processes that drive our behavior, including primitive and instinctual desires.

Human Personality

Id

  • The id operates at and unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires.
  • Innate
  • Pleasure
  • Desires
  • Aggression
  • Impulse

Ego

  • The ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs in a socially appropriate way.
  • Mature
  • Adaptive
  • Behavior

Supergo

  • Is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways.

Defense mechanism

  • Are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety rising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
  • We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our Id or superego becomes too demanding.

Repression

  • The ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of one’s consciousness.
  • Denial
  • The ego blocks upsetting or over overwhelming experiences from awareness, causing the individual to refuse to acknowledge or believe what is happening.

Projection

  • The ego attempts to solve discomfort by attributing the individuals acceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person.

Displacement

  • The individual satisfies an impulse by acting on a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable way.
  • E.g. releasing frustration directed toward your boss on your spouse instead.

Regression

  • As a defense mechanism, the individual moves backward in development in order to cope with stress.
  • E.g. an overwhelmed adult acting like a child.

Sublimation

  • Similar to displacements, it involves satisfying an impulse by acting on substitute but in a socially acceptable way.
  • E.g. channeling energy into work or a constructive hobby.

Rationalization

  • The person resorts to manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away bruised egp; explaining failures and losses: process if justifying one’s conduct by offering plausible of socially acceptable reasons in place of real reasons.

Oral stage

  • 1st year of life
  • Pleasure is derived from the mouth.

Oral incorporative behavior

  • Gullible person

Oral fixation

  • Smoking, excessive eating and drinking, talking, chewing

Oral aggressive behavior

  • Sarcasm, hostility, gossip

Anal stage

  • Ages 1-3
  • Pleasure is derived from the anus
  • Children must learn to control elimination of waste and must be toilet trained.

Anal aggressive personality

  • Cruelty, inappropriate displays of anger and extreme disorderliness

Anal retentive personality

  • Extreme orderliness, hoarding, stubbornness and stinginess

Phallic stage

  • Ages 3-6
  • Sexual activities becomes more intense.
  • Children focus more on their genitals.

Oedipus complex

  • Boy desires attention from his mother and considers father as a rival

Catastration anxiety

  • Fear that a boy’s father will retaliate by cutting off his offending organ.

Electra complex

  • Girl desires attention from her father and considers mother as a rival.

Penis envy

  • Girls develop negative feelings towards her mother when she discovers the absence of a penis.

Latency stage

  • Ages 6-12
  • Sexual desires are suppressed because of interest to socialization, activities in school, hobbies

Genital stage

  • Ages 12-up
  • Becoming interested in the opposite sex, engaging in some sexual experimentation and beginning assume adult responsibilities.
  • Freedom to love and to work.

Erickson

Infant

  • Basic trust, basic mistrust

Toddler

  • Autonomy, shame and doubt

Pre-schooler

  • Initiative, guit
  • School ager
  • Industry, inferiotily

Adolescent

  • Identity, role confusion

Young adult

  • Intimacy, isolation

Middle age

  • Generativity, stagnation

Older adult

  • Ego-integrity, despair

Psychosocial stages

  • Each stage is defined by a specific conflict.
  • Deal with emotional and personality development; societal and cultural influences are emphasized.
  • The inability to resolve these conflicts affects our personalities and identities.