Topik 2 Grammar

Key Grammar Structures

Expressing Intentions and Assumptions

• -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 셈이다: Used to express intentions or plans. Example: 어떻게 할 셈이야? (What are you going to do?)

• -(으)ㄴ가 보다: Used to make assumptions based on observations. Example: 그 사람은 선생님인가 봐요. (I assume he is a teacher.)

• -(으)ㄹ 텐데: Indicates expectation or assumption about a future event. Example: 거기에 있을 텐데. (It should be there.)

• -(으)ㄹ지 모르다: Used to express uncertainty. Example: 어떻게 편집해야할지 잘 모르겠어요. (I don't know how I should edit it.)

• -(으)ㄹ지라도: Indicates that something will happen regardless of the circumstances. Example: 아무리 어려울지라도 저는 해냅니다. (No matter how tough it is, I will complete it.)

Causal and Conditional Structures

• -(으)ㄴ/는 탓에: Used to indicate a negative consequence. Example: 운동 안 한 탓에 살이 많이 쪘어요. (Because I did not work out, I gained a lot of weight.)

• -(으)니까(요): Used to provide a reason in a neutral tone. Example: 열심히 공부하니까 성적이 우수하다. (Because he studies hard, his grades are excellent.)

• -(으)려면: Indicates a condition for achieving something. Example: 기념사진을 찍으려면 배경은 아름다워야한다. (In order to take a memorial picture, the background has to be beautiful.)

• -(으)면 되다: Indicates that something is sufficient or acceptable. Example: 웹사이트에서 접수하시면 됩니다. (It should be okay if you apply on the website.)

• -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 (없다): Indicates a lack of alternatives. Example: 시간이 없으니까 뛰어갈 수밖에 없다. (We don't have much time, so there is no other choice than running.)

Contrasting and Comparing

• -(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에): Used to contrast two statements. Example: 택시는 편리한 반면에 지하철보다 비싸다. (Although a taxi is convenient, it is more expensive than a subway.)

• -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라: Used to indicate that something is not only true but also another fact. Example: 그 애기는 걸을 뿐만 아니라 잘 달린다. (That baby not only walks well but also runs well.)

• -(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니(까): Used to infer something based on observation. Example: 돈을 많이 쓰는 걸 보니 부자인가 봐. (He must be rich since he is using a lot of money.)

• -(으)ㄴ/는 만큼: Indicates a proportional relationship. Example: 웃는 만큼 인생은 행복해진다. (Life becomes more fun as much as you laugh.)

• -(으)ㄴ/는 걸요: Used to add a contrasting statement. Example: 아직 졸린걸요. (I am still sleepy though.)

Conditional Expressions

• -ㄴ/는다고 치다: Used to express a hypothetical situation. Example: 일본에 간다고 치면 어디로 갈까요? (If I go to Japan, where should I visit?)

• -ㄴ/는다고 하다: Indicates reported speech. Example: 제 친구는 병원에 안 다닌다고 했어요. (My friend said that he didn't go to the hospital.)

• -ㄴ/는다고 해도: Used to express concession. Example: 금연한다고 해도 잘 안 된다. (Even if I am trying to quit smoking, it is difficult.)

• -ㄴ/는다면: Conditional form meaning 'if'. Example: 운동선수가 되고 싶다면 전문학원에 등록해야 돼. (If you want to be an athlete, you need to register for a professional academy.)

• -는 수밖에 (없다): Indicates no other choice. Example: 가족으로부터 돈을 빌리는 수밖에 없다. (There is no other choice than to borrow money from my family.)

Reported Speech and Perception

• -ㄴ/는다고(요): Used to convey hearsay. Example: 내일은 비가 온다고 해요. (It seems like tomorrow is going to rain.)

• -ㄴ/는다니: Expresses amazement or surprise. Example: 5개국어를 한다니 대단합니다. (It's amazing that you can speak 5 languages.)

• -ㄴ/는다더라: Indicates something heard from others. Example: 내일은 눈이 온다더라. (It seems like tomorrow is going to snow.)

• -ㄴ/는다던데: Used to express something heard. Example: 잘 생겼다던데 정말이야? (I heard he is handsome, is that true?)

• -ㄴ/는다더니: Used to express contradiction. Example: 우리 남편은 일찍 돌아온다더니 아직도 집에 안 왔다. (My husband said he would be back soon, but he is still not home.)

Causal and Concessive Clauses

• -는 바람에: Indicates a cause. Example: 공부를 안 하는 바람에 성적이 떨어졌어요. (My grade dropped because I did not study.)

• -는 덕분에: Expresses gratitude for a positive outcome. Example: 버스가 늦게 온 덕분에 탈 수 있었다. (I was able to ride the bus thanks to the fact that it was delayed.)

• -는 통에: Indicates a negative consequence. Example: 아이들이 떠드는 통에 집중할 수 없었어요. (I was not able to concentrate because the children were too noisy.)

• -는 한편: Used to express simultaneous actions. Example: 회사에 다니는 한편 부업도 한다. (I am working at a company and also doing a side job.)

• -아/어도: Indicates concession. Example: 설명 들어도 이해 못 하겠어요. (I can't understand even after listening to the explanation.)

Usage Examples and Context

Practical Examples

• -(으)ㄴ 채(로): Indicates doing something while in a certain state. Example: 버스 안에서 앉은 채로 잠자버렸다. (I fell asleep while sitting on the bus.)

• -(으)ㄹ 만하다: Indicates that something is worth doing. Example: 타개책을 시도할 만합니다. (It is worth attempting a breakthrough.)

• -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다: Indicates something that almost happened. Example: 과음해서 의식을 잃어버릴 뻔했어요. (I almost lost consciousness from overdrinking.)

• -(으)ㄹ 지경이다: Indicates a critical state. Example: 그녀가 화낼 지경이에요. (She's almost mad.)

• -(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다): Indicates regret about a past action. Example: 우산 가져올 걸. (I should have brought an umbrella.)

Summary of Key Structures

Expressing Intent and Requests

Intent and Wishes

• -았/었더라면: Used to express regret about a past situation. Example: 은행에서 돈을 찾았더라면 좋았을 텐데. (It would have been better if I withdrew the money from a bank.)

• -았/었으면 하다: Expresses a wish. Example: 점심은 라면이었으면 해. (I wish the lunch menu is ramen.)

• -아/어야: Indicates a condition for an action. Example: 술자리에는 친한 친구가 있어야 재미있다. (Drinking is fun when you have a close friend.)

• -아/어라: A polite request. Example: 공을 던져라. (Please throw the ball.)

• -자: Suggests an action. Example: 이제 문 닫자. (Let's close the door.)

Descriptive and Comparative Structures

• -듯이: Used to make comparisons. Example: 미친 듯이 춤췄다. (I danced like a crazy person.)

• -만 못하다: Indicates inferiority. Example: 중고는 신제품만 못해요. (Second-hand is not as good as a new product.)

• -아/어 보이다: Used to express appearance. Example: 얼굴표정이 어제보다 밝아 보여요. (You seem to feel better than yesterday.)

• -조차: Indicates inclusivity. Example: 기다림조차 설렙니다. (Even the waiting time is exciting for me.)

• -마저: Indicates an additional point. Example: 숙제가 많은 데다가 시간마저 부족하다. (I have a lot of homework, but even the time is running out.)

Contextual and Situational Grammar

Contextual Expressions

• -에 관해(서): Used to discuss a topic. Example: 인기 가수에 관해서 새로운 뉴스가 나왔어요. (The latest news about a famous singer got released.)

• -에 대해(서): Indicates a subject of discussion. Example: 부부는 서로에 대해서 배려해야 한다. (Married couples have to show respect to each other.)

• -에 따라(서): Indicates dependence on conditions. Example: 예산에 따라 여행일정도 달라져요. (The travel plan changes depending on the budget.)

• -을/를 통해(서): Indicates a means of action. Example: 그 배우는 드라마를 통해서 알게 되었어요. (I got to know that actor from a TV series.)

• -을/를 비롯한: Used to include examples. Example: 나를 비롯한 모든 사람들이 그 아이디어에 찬성한다. (Everybody including me agreed on the idea.)

Situational Grammar

• -자마자: Indicates immediacy. Example: 사장님은 좋은 소식을 듣자마자 미소 지었다. (The boss smiled as soon as he heard the good news.)

• -다(가) 보니(까): Indicates a realization during an action. Example: 작업하다 보니까 새벽이 됐어요. (While I was focusing on my work, it was already morning.)

• -다(가) 보면: Indicates a realization when focusing. Example: 심호흡하다 보면 마음이 차분해집니다. (When you focus on breathing deeply, you will feel calmer.)

• -대로: Indicates following instructions. Example: 교수님의 말씀대로 하자. (Let's do as the professor told us.)

• -다가: Indicates an interruption. Example: 스마트폰을 사용하다가 모르면 물어보세요. (When you don't know something while using a smartphone, please come and ask.)