Key Concepts in International Relations

Definition: Analytical framework for understanding international phenomena.
Three main levels:
1. Individual - Character traits of leaders (e.g., Trump).
2. State - National interests and historical contexts.
3. International System - Global power dynamics (anarchy).

Two perspectives:
- Pessimistic: Humans are inherently power-thirsty and conflict-driven.
- Optimistic: Humans can cooperate and learn from past mistakes.
Feminist IR questions gender influence in politics.

State: Unitary actor with foreign policy decisions influenced by internal dynamics.
IGOs: Organizations like the UN that impact politics through international treaties.
Transnational Networks: Collaborative functions of governments independent of traditional state structure.
Individuals: Decision-makers can influence international outcomes.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Mobilization and advocacy groups impacting policy.
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships: Collaborations across various sectors to address global issues.

Material Interests: Security and economic welfare.
Immaterial Interests: Ethical values and psychological aspects (status, prestige).
Red Lines: Mental constructs defining acceptable scenarios for action.

Types of Power:
- Compulsory Power: Direct force or pressure (e.g., military action).
- Institutional Power: Influence through rules and organizations (e.g., UN veto).
- Structural Power: Shaping relationships and capabilities through the system.
- Discursive Power: Power embedded in language and narratives (e.g., framing issues).
Sources of Power:
- Material: Military capability, economy, resources.
- Immaterial: Norms, ideologies, and institutional authority.