(149) CBSE Class 12 Biology || Biotechnology Principles And Processes || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Introduction to Biotechnology

  • Biotechnology is a field of applied biology designed to create useful products for humans using living organisms or their enzymes.

  • It has transformed many areas of life, particularly in healthcare and agriculture.

Key Areas of Impact

  • Healthcare:

    • Development of vaccines and medicines.

    • Ability to counter diseases capable of causing epidemics.

  • Agriculture:

    • Growth of crops that are resistant to diseases and droughts.

Differences from Traditional Processes

  • Biotechnology differs from traditional microbe-mediated processes (e.g., making curd and cheese).

    • Utilizes genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

    • Operates on a much larger scale, allowing broader applications.

Techniques in Biotechnology

  • Genetic Modification:

    • Alteration of the genetic material in organisms to achieve desired traits.

  • Engineering Technology:

    • Application of engineering principles to biological systems.

  • Cell and Tissue Culture:

    • Growing cells or tissues in a controlled environment.

  • Specialized Processes:

    • Gene Synthesis: Creation of genes for various applications.

    • DNA Vaccines: Vaccines designed to induce immune responses through the direct introduction of DNA.

    • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Artificial fertilization process outside the human body, leading to improved reproductive options.

    • Biofuels Development: Use of biological materials to produce energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Conclusion

  • Biotechnology merges various techniques and innovations, significantly impacting diverse sectors such as healthcare and agriculture, paving the way for a healthier and more sustainable future.