APUSH Units 1-5 Full In-Depth Review Notes ( I'm too lazy to do the rest)

Period 1 (1491-1607): Native American and Colonization

Topic 1.2: Native American Societies Before European Contact

• How did people even arrive to North America? They arrived using a land bridge from Asia.

• By 1491, before European colonization, there was between 50-100 million natives in America

  Cultures of Central and South America

• Native Americans transformed the North American environment through agriculture, infrastructure, and social structure, pre-Europeans colonization

Cultures of North America

• Population: less than 1 million to more than 10 million people in the 1490s

• General patterns: less complex social structures, semi-permanent settlements w/ less than 300 people, hunter gatherer civilizations

• Language Differences: language had 20 different language families with more than 400 languages

Overview of 1.2:

• Native Americans had distinct identities due to their location and climate, leading to a wide variety of cultures, systems, and traditions. For example, maize cultivation didn’t spread fast to North America so development there was slower

• Central and South America were much more complex developed and complex compared to North America. They had complex government and cities and societies while the North did not have that complexity. That is why South and Central America had vast empires while most of the North American civilizations died out by the 1490’s

• However, all the civilizations did cultivate crops. Typically those in the plains were hunter gatherers, those near bodies or water were fishers, or farmed.

Topic 1.3: European Exploration in the Americas

• What were the motives for European exploration? Economic (wanted more money and resources and trade) and religious (spread their faith) motives

• As a result of exploration, the 2 parts of the world were brought together

• New Technology: Gunpowder, sailing compass for navigation, and the printing press were new innovations

Religion

• Isabella and Ferdinand married and united Spain by capturing Granada. They sponsored Columbus’ first voyage

• People revolted against the Pope. As a result, Protestants and Roman Catholics wanted to spread their Christianity to the New World

Expanding Trade

• New Routes lead to exploration in the New World because in order to get to Asia from Europe you either had to go around Africa or West across the Atlantic for trading

  • Columbus attempted to go west and ended up finding the New World

  • Going around Africa’s Cape of Good Hope was the typically taken route to Asia

• Slave Trade: It started because the Portuguese traded for enslaved people to use them to work on plantations because slave labor was profitable

• Enslaved people resisted slavery by trying to run or rebel

Developing Nation States

• Nation states depended on trade to get money and also used the church to justify the right to rule in order to further exploration

• Portuguese, France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands all did this

European Rationale For Exploration ( the 3 G’s ):

   GOLD

GOD

GLORY

• Catholic victory in Spain and European Reformation in North America.

  Impact: Spread of Roman and Protestant Christianity in the Americas

• Effects of Europe’s expanding trade

  Profit, new trade routes, and slave trading

Ask yourself: What effect was most significant?

Dividing the Americas

• Portuguese and Spanish Claims

  • Line of Demarcation: The Pope granted Spain all land west of the line and Portugal was granted everything east of the line. However, there was more land than they had thought there to be.

  • Treaty of Tordesillas: Moved the line a few degrees west so Portugal can lay claim to Brazil while Spain gets the rest of the continent.

• English Claims

  • Explored the coast of Newfoundland

  • Roanoke Island: First successful colony until the mayor traveled back to England for supplies and other materials. He returned after 3 years to find the settlement empty and everyone gone. The word “Croatoan” was carved on a tree, but it is still a mystery where they went

  • The people may have joined the Native Americans or were massacred by them

• French Claims

  • Slow to claim land

  • Searched for a Northwest passage through the New World

  • They explored North America’s Eastern Coast, New York Harbor, and the St. Lawrence River

Overview of 1.3

• European nations wanted to explore because of these reasons

  • Gold (trade): wanted to find new trade routes to get richer. Columbus tried to go west to get to Asia and discovered a new World

  • God: Revolt against the Pope led to Roman Catholics and protestants to want to spread their religion to the New World

  • Glory: These nations wanted to expand and control as much of the new land as they could. The line of demarcation, Roanoke, Northwest passage, etc.

Topic 1.4: Colombian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest

• Columbus initially wanted to find a sea route West to Asia’s trade. Didn’t meet that goal

• Christopher Columbus: Explored who planned on sailing west to the Indies in hopes of reaching Asia. He landed in the Bahamas with little goods to bring back.

• The Colombian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time

The Rise of Capitalism

• replaced feudalism

• Capitalism: control of was more important than control of land

• political power went from large landowners to wealthy merchants

• Ocean voyages were risky, so joint-stock companies were made

  • businesses owned by a large amount of investors so you don’t lose more money than you invested

Overview of 1.4

• Exchanged many foods, diseases, and animals.

• Negative impact on Natives in the Americas: Disease wiped them out as they did not have the antibodies to fight them off. Ex) smallpox

  • decreased population

  • forced labor

• New food brought to Europe benefited them tremendously. The European population grew.

  • More colonies

  • population growth

  • food exchanged

Topic 1.5: Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonialism

• Conquistadors: adventurous Spanish explorers and conquerors

  Explorers and Conquistadors

• Conquered the Incas and Aztecs (Mayans were already gone by then)

• circumnavigated the world (hence the explorer)

• loaded ships with gold + silver to Spain (GOLD)

  • Spain’s gold supply increased, making Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe

Labor Systems

• Encomienda: Spanish King granted natives who lived on tracts of land to individual Spaniards

  • forced to farm/work in mines

  • Spanish had to “care” for them

• Enslaved Africans: Using enslaved Africans was more profitable because they did not know the land so they couldn’t escape and they were less susceptible to the disease because they were already used to them

  • Slavery: Native slaves replace with African slaves because they kept dying because of disease and ran away easily because they knew the land. African partners supplied the Spanish with enslaved

  • Slave Trade: Slave traders sent 10-15 million enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

  • Asiento System: Colonists paid a tax to the king on each slave they brought into the Americas. Allowed foreign powers to supply slaved to the Spanish Colonies

  • Middle Passage: Voyage across the Atlantic Ocean for enslaved

Spanish Caste System (Casta System)

1. Penninsulares: Pure-blood Spaniards'

2. Creoles: Born in the New World from Spanish Parents

3. Mestizos: Born of Spanish and Native American parents, or Native and Black, etc

4. Native American Indians

5. Enslaved persons

Overview of 1.5

• Used slave labor of Africans after Natives ran away or died to profit and export resources from America

• Encomienda system used for slave labor

• Casta System put pure blooded Spaniard at the top and put Natives and African salves at the bottom

Topic 1.6: Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

Compare and Contrast Some Characteristics between Europeans and Native Americans

• Europeans: Worshiped 1 God, women had little roles, had legal documents for land use decisions

• Native Americans: Many deities, women made important decisions, and tradition was used for land use decisions

European Treatment of Native Americans

• Spanish Policy: Bartolome De Las Casas persuaded the King to make New Laws of 1542 which ended Indian Slavery. Some people, like Juan Gines de Sepulveda, thought Indians were less human and were only useful for the encomienda system

• English Policy: coexisted, traded, and shared ideas with natives

  • showed no respect for them

  • seized Indian land and expelled them

• French Policy: Viewed them as economic and military allies

  • traded with them

  • more friendly relations

Major Consequences of European Contact

1) Natives dead from disease

2) Casta system and Encomienda System which changed societal structures in the Americas

3) Violence

Differences between English policy and those of France and Spain

• Different from France because the English expelled the Native

• Different from Spain because the English didn’t intermarry

  Natives

• Some natives tried to retaliate but couldn’t overcome them

Survival Strategies by Natives

• allied with one European power or another

• Migrated West →ran into other tribes which was not good

Role of Africans in America

• Rice became an important crop

• brought their musical rhythms and styles of singing

• introduced the banjo

Overview of 1.6:

• Spanish used Native as labor but eventually moved away from using them as labor. Also intermarried,

• English coexisted with them, showed no respect for them, and eventually seized Indian land and expelled them

• French traded with the Natives and viewed them as allies

• Natives tried to ally with a European nation or moved west to survive

• Africans brought aspects of their culture to the Americas

Period 2 (1607-1754): Settlement

Topic 2.2: European Colonization

• Primary motives for settling in the Americas: Desires for wealth, spread Christianity, and to escape persecution

Spanish Colonies

• Florida:

  • St. Augustine (1513) oldest city founded by Europeans in North America

  • few small settlements

  • declining native populations

  • hurricanes

• New Mexico + Arizona:

  • Spanish came in 1598

  • Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico

• Texas:

  • Grew in early 1700’s

  • Efforts made to explore the lower Mississippi River

• California:

  • San Diego Settlement (1769)

  • Missions along California coast

French Colonies

• Quebec:

  • 1st French settlement in America

  • on St. Lawrence River

  • Samuel de Champlain - Founder

• Upper Mississippi River/ Louisiana:

  • Father Jacques Marquette explored Upper Mississippi River

  • Robert de la Salle explored the Mississippi Basin and named it Louisiana

• New Orleans:

  • prosperous trade center

  • river entered Gulf of Mexico

French and Spanish Similarities:

• Both colonizers were mainly men

Dutch Colonies

• Hudson River:

  • Henry Hudson search for a Northwest Passage but ended up finding the Hudson River

  • named after him

• New Amsterdam:

  • Dutch claimed

  • Now called New York

• New Orleans:

  • settled near trading posts and near water

Joint Stock Companies

• used to finance colonization with less risk

  • you only lose how much you invested, nothing more

Motivations and Methods that supported European Colonial Growth

• Joint Stock Companies

• Search for better lives

• Religious freedom

Topic 2.3: Regions of British Colonies

Types of Charters + Colonies

• Corporate Colonies

  • Jamestown - run by joint-stock companies

• Royal Colonies

  • Virginia - direct authority and rule of King’s government

• Proprietary Colonies

  • Maryland and Pennsylvania - authority of individuals gave charters of ownership by king

• Representative Government:

  • elections for representatives speaking for property owners and deciding certain measure

Early English Settlements

• Jamestown

  • corporate colony then became a royal colony

  • Founded by the Virginia company in 1607

  • Swampy area so malaria outbreaks occurred

  • people not used to labor

  • conflicts with natives

  • John Rolfe + Pocahontas helped make tobacco profitable

• The Plymouth Colony

  • Royal Colony

  • Founded by Separatists and Pilgrims in 1620

  • sought religious freedom

  • ½ of the settlers died in the 1st winter

  • helped by local natives

  • fish, furs, and lumber - main stuff in economy

• Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • Proprietary Colony

  • Founded by John Winthrop in 1630

  • several settlements

  • sought religious freedom

  • small towns + family farms

  • relied on commerce and agriculture

Religious Issues in Maryland

• Act of Toleration

  • religious freedom to Christians

  • anyone who denied Jesus or God was killed

• Protestant Revolt

  • Repealed Act of Toleration

  • Ignited Civil war - protestants won

  • Catholics lost the right to vote in assembly

Early Political Institutions

• House of Burgesses

  • Virginia, 1st representative assembly in America, dominated by elite painter, giving settlers same right s as English residents

• Mayflower Compact

  • Pledged to make decisions by the will of the majority

• Limits to Colonial Democracy

  • Females and landless males had few rights

  • Indentured servants had practically no rights

  • enslaved people had no rights

  • Autocratic rule by governors

Topic 2.4: Transatlantic Trade

• The transatlantic trade was used by European nations to increase their power

Triangular Trade

• From New England a ship carried rum to West Africa and traded for captive Africans

• Then they went through the middle passage and those enslaved people were traded in the West Indies for sugar

• Sugar was sold back to New England to make rum

Mercantilism and the Empire

• Mercantilism: exported more than you import (sell more than you buy)

• Acts of Trade and Navigation & the 3 Rules

  1) English/colonial ships + crew carried out for trade

  2) All imported goods into colonies must pass ports in England

  3) Some goods can be exported to England only

• Impact of the colonies

  • Positive: Aided New England shipbuilding, Chesapeake Bay had a tobacco monopoly, helped protect colonies from attack

  • Negative: High price for manufactured goods, had to accept low prices for their crops, hard times

• Enforcement of the Acts & Salutary Neglect

  • exerting any authority was challenging because of English civil war, a replaced monarch, and 4 wars with France

  • Colonial agents were corrupt

Dominion of New England

• What England did to New England colonies

• revoked charter of Massachusetts Bay

• Combined New Jersey, New York, etc, into the dominion

• levied taxes, limited town meetings revoked land titles

            →Colonists didn’t like these policies and the future policies will further fuel the                 hatred against England that will eventually lead to the American Revolution

Ongoing Trade Tensions

• Salutary Neglect + Colonial resistance to regulation continued

• Regulation of trade was a problem between colonists and England

• England still wanted to follow mercantilism to make $, but the policies angered the colonists

Topic 2.5: Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans

• Europeans generally viewed Native American Indians as inferior + used them for forced labor + pushed them off their land

• Native Indians responded by having tribes join together to resist or they allied with another European nation to fight another tribe

Conflict in New England

• New England Confederation

  • military alliance with 2 representatives from Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay

  • formed to face the constant threat of attack from the Natives, French, and Dutch

  • Became a precedent for taking unified action for a common purpose

• Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

  • Metacom was a tribal leader who gathered tribes together to fight against the English after they encroached on Native land

  • Some tribes sided with the British in an attempt to get rid of Metacom because they didn’t like him

  • Metacom was killed, ended most native resistance

Conflict in Virginia

• Bacon’s Rebellion (indentured servants revolt)

  • Nathaniel Bacon seized upon grievances of farmers to lead a rebellion

  • Jamestown was burned, however, the rebellion collapsed following Bacon’s death

• Lasting Problems

  1) Sharp class differences

  2) Conflict between natives + settlers

  3) Colonial resistance to royal authority

Spanish Rule

• Pueblo Revolt (Natives)

  • Pueblos revolted after Spanish tried a harsh program to convert them to Christianity and suppressed the native culture

  • Many died, Spanish were driven out but came back and ruled less harshly - greater stability

Topic 2.6: Slavery in the British Colonies

• Enslaved Africans became the main source of labor in the colonies because the natives escaped easily since they knew the land and the supply of indentured servants was low

Demand for Labor

• Causes for increased demand of labor

  • high death rate from disease

  • food shortages

  • Battles with American Indians

• Indentured Servants

  • under contract by masters or land owners who paid for the servant’s voyage. In return, they would work for 4-7 w/ room + board until they obtained their freedom

  • temporary

• Head right system

  • 50 acres given to anyone who paid for their own passage or if they paid for someone else to come over

The Institution of Slavery

• Increased demand for enslaved Africans

  • reduced migration

  • dependable workforce

  • low-cost labor

• Slavery

  • began when they made African indentured servants + their offspring in their permanent bondage, making them slaves

• Slave Laws

  • enslaved criminals

  • children got enslaved status if their mom was one

  • law saying being Baptized as Christian couldn’t make you enslaved - overturned

  • white women couldn’t marry African men

• Resistance to Slavery

  • hunger strikes

  • breaking tools

  • refusing to work

  • fleeing

Unit 2.7: Colonial Society and Culture

Population Growth

• Causes

  • immigration

  • high birth rate

  • abundance of fertile land

  • dependable food supply

• European Immigrants

  • English: not many money problems at home so not many English people came to the colonies

  • Germans: moved to farmlands in west Philadelphia. Had their own language, customs, and religion. Obeyed laws

  • Scotch-Irish: The British pressured them to leave. Lived in frontier in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia

  • Other Europeans: French protestants, Dutch, and Swedish were 5% of the population

Enslaved Africans

• worked in southern colonies

• could work for $ to buy their freedom or emancipation by owner

• colonies passed laws to discriminate against them

American Indians

• created conflicts

• formed alliances to protect the land

• used settlers as allies for their conflicts

• settlers obtained land from them through peaceful treaties

The Structure of Colonial Society

• Liberty and Opportunity

  • Religious Toleration: permitted the practice of different religions w/ varying degrees of freedom

  • No Hereditary Aristocracy: narrower class system developing

    wealthy landowners

    craft workers + small farmers

  • Social Mobility: white residents could improve their standard of living through hard work, getting land was easier

• Family

  • Characteristics of the Family: People married younger, had more children, most lived on farms

  • Men: farmer + artisans, owned property and participated in politics, laws gave husband unlimited power at home →right to beat wife

  • Women: had around 8 kids, household duties + kids, worked w/ husband, divorce was legal but rare, limited legal and political rights

The Economy

• New England

  • Subsistence farming: producing only enough for the family

  • work done by the family and maybe a laborer

  • profited from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum distilling

• Middle Colonies

  • wheat + corn for export

  • farms used laborers + indentured servants

  • iron-making

  • led to growth of cities

• Southern Colonies

  • small subsistence farms without slaves

  • tobacco, timber, naval stores, rice, and indigo for export

Religion

• Jewish

  • Maryland

  • discrimination

• Quaker

  • Pennsylvania

  • discrimination

• Anglican

  • New York, Virginia, and other southern colonies

  • seen as symbol of English control because it was headed by the king

• Congregationalist

  • New England

  • Criticized as domineering

• Churches

  • Taxed people to support an established church. As there was more religious diversity, support of churches reduced

The Great Awakening

• a movement of religious revival among the masses

• occurred during the 1730’s and 1740’s in the colonies

• People began preaching that God was angry with human sinfulness and that if you don’t believe in Jesus, you will go to hell

• Religious Impact

  • Short term: sinners confessed guilt and studied bibles at home

  • long term: split in some denominations, ministers lost authority over them, people joined new denominations, stricter separation of church and state

• Political Influence

  • Short Term: changed the way people viewed authority

  • Long Term: Revolutionary war, independence, challenged King’s authority

Cultural Life

• Achievements in the Arts and Sciences

  • Architecture: log cabins, London style used for houses and churches

  • Painting

  • Literature: wrote about religion and politics

• Education

  • Elementary Education

    • New England: Tax supported schools for boys that encouraged reading the bible

    • Middle: church-sponsored or private schools

    • Southern: got whatever education they could

  • Higher Education

    • Sectarian: promoting doctrines of a specific religious group

    • Non sectarian: non religious

• The Press

  • Newspapers: month old news from Europe, had ads for goods, etc.

  • The Zenger Case: Zenger criticized New York’s royal governor. He was acquitted which encouraged newspapers to criticize the government

The Enlightenment

• the idea that reason could solve humanity’s problems

• John Locke- started idea that humans all had natural rights and had the right to revolt if a government failed to protect those rights

• Gave rationale for American Revolution and principles of Constitution

The Colonial Relationship with Britain

• Colonial Identity

  • exercised the rights of free speech and free press

  • elected representatives to colonial assemblies

  • tolerated many religions

• Mistrust of the British

  • colonies wanted to go west but British said no because they wanted peace with the native

  • colonists okay with being neglected but Britain still tried to enforce trade

  • British claimed sovereignty, not what colonists thought

Politics and Government

• Structure: proposed laws to legislature appointed/elected

  • Governor = Chief Executive

• Legislature = to vote to adopt or reject a proposed law, 2 houses

  • lower house elected by white male property owners

  • upper house either appointed or elected

• Local Government

  • used town meeting to vote on public issues

• Voting

  • Wealthy white male landowners could vote

  • White women, poor white men, slaves, free blacks couldn’t vote

Period 3 (1754-1800):

Topic 3.2: The Seven Years’ War

• Britain won the 7 years war, but at the cost of rebellion and loss of Atlantic Coast colonies

Empires at War 1689-1763

• King William’s War (1689-1697)

  • British tried to take Quebec from France and failed. Natives supported France

• Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

  • England gained Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America

• Kind George’s War

  • Repelled Spanish attacks, got Louisberg but had to give it back to French for political and economic gains in India

• Impact on Colonies

  • Settlements were burned as an outcome of these wars

  • Fury about losing forts

  • Colonies were ignored

The decisive conflict

• Seven Years’ War (aka the French and Indian War)

  • 1754-1763 in the Ohio River Valley

  • Involved Britain and colonies vs. Native Indians and French

    • Winner: British

  • Leaders: George Washington and Edward Braddock

  • Albany Plan of Union: recruited troops and taxed colonies for common defense

  • Peace of Paris: Britain got French Canada and Spanish Florida

  • Cause of War: French wanted to prevent further British expansion into their land and British attacked

  • Outcome and Effects:

    • Gave unchallenged supremacy to British

    • Challenged autonomy of Natives

    • British dominant naval power

    • Colonies no longer scared of attacks

Reorganization of the British Empire

• Salutary Neglect: exercised little direct control over colonies and didn’t enforce navigation acts regulating colonial trade

• Pontiac’s rebellion: Chief Pontiac attacked colonial settlements because the native were angry that their land was being encroached upon. British sent troops to stop it

• Proclamation of 1763: Prohibited colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains with respect to the natives. They did it anyway

• Growing British-Colonial Tension: differing views on war and policy + issues w/ taxation without representation gave context for conflict

Topic 3.3: Taxation Without Representation

• Changes in Britain’s colonial policy was the main reason for colonial discontent

British Actions and Colonial Reaction

• Proclamation of 1763 →British felt Acts were justifies →Colonists viewed Acts as a threat to their liberties

• Colonists desired to defend

  • established practices of British government

  • local self rule

  • individual rights

• Core dividing issues

  • representation

  • taxation

New Revenues and Regulations

• The Sugar Act (1764)

  • taxes on foreign sugar + certain luxuries

  • used to regulate the sugar trade and money more money

  • used to stop smuggling

• The Quartering Act (1765)

  • colonists required to provide food + living quarters for British soldiers so they have some place to stay in the colonies

• The Stamp Act (1765)

  • revenue stamps were placed on most printed paper to raise funds for the British military forces

    →Stamp Act Congress: only their own elected representatives had legal power to approve taxes

    →Sons & Daughters of Liberty: secret society that organized to intimidate tax agents

    →Economic Pressure: stamp act was boycotted so Parliament repealed it

    → Declaratory Act of 1766: Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for colonies in all cases

• Colonies were unhappy with these laws

Second Phase of the Crisis 1767-1773

• The Townshend Acts: taxes were collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper

  • $ used to pay crown officials

                                                        ↓

• Write of Assistance: a license to search anywhere

  ↓

• Letters from a Farmer: rejected taxation without representation as a violation of a principle of English law

  ↓

• Repeal of the Townshend Acts: repealed because it damaged trade and made little revenue

  ↓

• Boston massacre: Colonists harassed guards near a house. Shots fired. 5 dead, Guards tried for murder

Renewal of the Conflict

• Committees of Correspondence

  • committees that exchanged letters about suspicious/potentially threatening British activities

• The Gaspee

  • a ship that caught smugglers. Colonists disguised themselves as natives ordered the British crew ashore and lit the ship on fire

• Boston Tea Party

  • Americans didn’t buy the cheaper tea because it would support the Parliament’s right to tax them

  • So disguised themselves as Indians and dumped a bunch of tea of off a British tea ship

  • Tea Act 1773: made price of the British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea

• Intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts 1774)

  • Port Act: closed Boston’s port and banned trading in/out of the harbor until the dumped tea was paid for

  • Massachusetts Government Act: reduced Massachusetts legislative power and increased royal governor’s power

  • Administration of Justice Act: allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England and not in the colonies

  • Quartering Act: let British troops quarter in private homes

• The Demand for Independence

  • enough people willingly spoke out for independence, protested, and donated money to further the movement

Topic 3.4: Philosophical Foundation of the American Revolution

• Enlightenment: people began thinking for themselves and using reason rather than blindly following authority

Enlightenment Ideas

• Deism

  • believed in God and thought he established everything but he did not intervene

• Rationalism

  • trusted human reason to understand the world

  • emphasized studying science and human behavior over religion

• Social Contract

  • the concept of an agreement among people to form a government to promote liberty and equality

• John Locke

  • Social contract came from him

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  • developed the social contract further

Argument for Independence

• Thomas Paine

  • wrote “Common Sense”

  • attacked King George lll and ideas of the monarchy

• Common Sense

  • argued that colonists should become independent and break off from the British

Topic 3.5: The American Revolution

• Impact of the Intolerable Acts: intensified conflict with England — they wanted to cut ties with them

The First Continental Congress

• Purpose: to respond to Britain’s threats to liberties, 1774

• Radical Delegates

  • Patrick Henry: Virginia

  • Samuel Addams and John Addams: Massachusetts

• Moderate Delegates:

  • George Washington: Virginia

  • John Dickinson: Pennsylvania

• Conservative Delegates

  • John Jay: New York

  • Joseph Galloway: Pennsylvania

• Actions of Congress

  • voted to proposed measures to change British Policy

• Failure of Galloway’s plan

  • failed to pass by 1 vote

• Convention Measures

  • Repeal of intolerable Acts

  • fix grievances + rights

  • enforce economic sanction

  • if these rights weren’t recognized, they would meet again

• King’s Response

  • declared Massachusetts to be in rebellion and sent more troops to put down disorder

Fighting Begins

• Lexington & Concord

  • British troops told to seize colonial weapons. Paul Revere warned colonists and they began fighting

  • British had 250 casualties, embarrassed that they lost to amateur fighters

• Battle Bunker Bunker

  • Militia of farmers fortified the hill. British attacked it and took the hill.

  • American victory because the British had many losses

• The 2nd Continental Congress

  • Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms: called on colonies to provide troops

  • marine corps organized, drew Canada away from British, Massachusetts militia

• Peace Efforts:

  • Olive Branch Petition: pledged their loyalty to the king as long as their rights were protected

  • Prohibitory Act: declared colonies in rebellion and stopped trade with the colonies

The Declaration of Independence

• listed grievances against Britain’s government

• expressed principles that justified revolution

• July 4, 1776

• Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

The Revolutionary War - Competing Sides

• Patriots

  • New England + Virginia

  • would work on farms and return for duty at times

  • not many troops at once, short amount of supplies, poorly equipped, rarely paid

• Loyalists

  • pro-British

  • more conservative and aided the British troops

• African Americans

  • offered freedom if they fought for the colonies

• American Indians

  • tried to stay out of it

  • sided with British after colonist attacks b/c they promised to limit western settlement

• Initial American Losses + Hardship

  • Lost NY and Philly

  • 95% decline in trade, inflation, goods scarce

Alliance with France & Victory

• Battle of Saratoga

  • British forces came from Canada to cut off New England from rest of colonies. British attacked at Saratoga and forced to surrender

  • Persuaded French, Spanish, and Holland to enter the war which forced British to divert resources away from the colonies

• Battle of Yorktown

  • With French naval and military forces, Washington’s army forced the surrender of a large British army

  • Last major battle of the war and turning point

• Treaty of Paris

  • Britain would recognize the existence of the U.S. as an independent nation

  • Mississippi River would be the border of that nation

  • Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada

  • Pay debts owed to British merchants and honor loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war

Topic 3.6: The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

• Women, enslaved workers, and Native Americans were impacted from replaced colonial governments

Women in the Revolutionary Era

• Daughters of Liberty

  • groups of women organized to oppose British actions by boycotting British goods, supplied forces, and work as cooks or nurses

• Economic Role

  • ran family farms and businesses while men were fighting

  • provided food + clothing for the war effort

• Political Demands

  • wanted to educate women so that they could teach their kids

• Republican Motherhood

  • new view of their status in society evolved

The Status of Enslaved African Americans

• abolished importation of enslaved people

• some northern states abolished slavery

• slave owners believed slave labor was essential - religious and political justification

Native Americans and Independence

• general supported the British

• colonists viewed them as obstacles to settlement west

International Impact of the American Revolution

• people have a right to govern themselves, all people are equal, individuals have inalienable rights

• French revolution, Haitian revolution, Latin American Revolutions

Topic 3.7:The Articles of Confederation

State Governments

• 13 colonies tried to be independently governed states with constitutions

  • Had List of Rights protecting basic rights and freedoms

  • Separation of powers

    • Legislative Branch - 2 house legislature

    • Executive Powers - elected governors

    • Judicial Powers - courts

  • Right to vote given to all while male landowners

  • Office holding men had to own more land

Articles of Confederation

• First U.S. Constitution

• gave state more power than federal government, weak central govt.

• Structure of the government

  • Unicameral - Congress

  • Each state had 1 vote

  • 9/13 states require to pass a law and 13/13 to amend the articles of Confederation

  • No judicial or executive branch

• Powers

  • could wage war, make treaties, and borrow

  • couldn’t regulate commerce, collect taxes, or enforce laws

• Accomplishments

  • Independence

  • Land Ordinance of 1785

    • Process to sell western land

    • public education in each township

  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

    • rules for creating new states

    • limited self-government to developing territories

    • no slavery in region

• Weaknesses

  • Foreign affairs: Europe had little respect for a new nation that couldn’t pay debts or take action, couldn’t enforce Treaty of Paris

  • Economic Problems: unpaid debt, relied on states to raise money, inflation

  • Internal Conflicts: states saw each other as rivals, tariffs placed on movement of goods between states, boundary disputes

  • Shay’s Rebellion: Farmer rebelling against poor economic conditions, put down by militia but showed how weak the federal government was

Topic 3.8: The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification

• Constitutional Convention established a central government strong enough to hold 13 states in union

Annapolis Convention

• to review what could be done about the country to overcome its problems

• another convention held to revisit the Articles

Drafting the Constitution at Philadelphia

• 13 states sent delegates to revisit the Articles

  • Rhode island didn’t

• The Delegates were educated white men and wanted to strengthen the nation

Key Issues at the Convention

• Federalism: strong but limited central government

• Separation of Powers: dividing power in 3 branches of government

• Checks and Balances: power of each branch was limited by the powers of another to keep each other in check

• Representation

  • Virginia Plan(favored large states): should get votes depending on population size

  • New Jersey Plan(favored small states): equal representatives

  • Lead to The Great Compromise: Senate - states had equal representation and House of Representatives - representatives based on population size

• Slavery

  • Three-fifths Compromise: counted each enslaved person as 3/5 of a person for population

• Trade

  • Commercial Compromise: regulate commerce, taxing imports but not exports

• Presidency

  • no limits to # of terms, 4 year terms

  • power: veto acts of congress

  • Electoral College System: each state had a # of electors equal to the # of senators and representatives

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• Position on Constitution as proposed

  • Federalists: supported

  • Anti-Federalists: opposed

• Arguments

  • Federalists: stronger central government would help preserve union

  • Anti-federalists: stronger central government would destroy the work of the Revolution

• Strategies

  • Federalists: Emphasized weakness of Articles, thought of anti’s as people with no solutions

  • Anti-federalists: claimed constitution gave central government more power than the British had, wanted a Bill of rights

• Advantages

  • Federalists: strong leaders, organized, widespread concern about problems with Articles

  • Anti-Federalists: distrust of government power because of experiences as colonists

• Disadvantages

  • Federalists: Constitution was new and untried and lacked a Bill of rights

  • Anti-federalists: less united than federalists

The Federalist Papers

• Essays with reasons for believing in each provision of the Constitution

The Path to Ratification

• Debate on a Bill of Rights

  • lacked a list of rights that the govt. couldn’t violate

  • was promised to be added

• Ratification Achieved

  • 9 states ratified it, but some didn’t so unity was in jeopardy

• Final States

  • Virginia passed it after promise of Bill of Rights and the rest who rejected it reversed their rejection

Topic 3.9: The Constitution

Federalism: divides power between central and states governments

• 3 Branches: to limit/ influence

  • Legislative

  • Executive

  • Judicial

Checks and Balances

Bill of Rights:

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition

2. Right to bear arms shall not be infringed.

3. No quartering soldiers in your home

4. Warrants cannot be issued without probable cause. No illegal search and seizure

5. No double jeopardy, no self incrimination, due process of law.

6. Speedy and public trial by a jury of your peers (criminal cases) 

7. Speedy and public trial by a jury of your peers (civil case)

8. No excess bail, no cruel and unusual punishment

9. All rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people. 

10. Powers not given to the United States in the Constitution belong to the state.

Topic 3.10: Shaping a New Republic

Washington: Electoral College unanimously voted for him

Organizing the Federal Court

• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of War: Henry Knox

• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

• federal court: less power

• Judiciary Act of 1789: 1 Chief Justice, 5 Associate Justices

Hamilton

• Financial Plan

  • Pay off national debt fully and federal government assumes war debts of states

  • Having high taxes on imported goods to protect the new industries

  • National Bank to deposit government funds

  • Federalists supported, anti-federalists didn’t because states would lose power

Debt: Jefferson + supporters agree debt needed to be paid off fully

National Bank: voted into law

Foreign Affairs Under Washington

• French Revolution

  • supported French for wanting a republic but didn’t support the mob hysteria and executions

  • Proclamation of Neutrality 1793: U.S. neutrality in the conflict

  • “Citizen “ Genet: tried to convince Americans to help the french, Washington mad

• The Jay Treaty 1794

  • Great Britain occupied some U.S. ports and seized American ships and impressed seamen

  • Britain agreed to evacuate its posts but continued to impress U.S. citizens

  • Angered supporters of France because the U.S. was involved with GB

• Pinckney Treaty 1795 (Spain)

  • agreed to open trade in lower Mississippi river and New Orleans

  • Right of Deposit: Americans could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying dues to Spain

Domestic Concerns Under Washington

• American Indians

  • Some tribes formed the Northwest confederacy

  • Battle of Fallen Timbers: U.S. beat confederacy tribes

  • Treaty of Greenville: tribes gave up claims to Ohio territory + opened it up for settlement

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

  • Excess tax on whiskey. Farmers were mad and began attacking tax collectors

  • Washington gathered a militia as a show of force and the rebellion collapsed with little to no bloodshed

  • Federal government solidified and military action resented

• Western Lands

  • Jay Treaty and Battle of fallen timbers gave new land to U.S.

  • Public Land Act 1796: orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal land

  • New States: Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee

The First Political Parties

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Warnings

  • Don’t get involved in European affairs

  • Don’t make permanent alliances

  • Don’t form political parties

  • Don’t fall into sectionalism

2 term tradition: every president until Roosevelt stayed for up to 2 terms until Roosevelt

22nd Amendment: 2 term limit

John Adam's’ Presidency

• John Adams

  • 8 years in office (Federalist)

  • VP: Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican)

  • 12th Amendment: President and VP had to run as a team

• The XYZ Affair

  • French ship seized U.S. ship. US sent delegates to negotiate and the French delegates asked for bribes, made US mad

  • Adams avoided war and sent new ministers to Paris

• The Alien and Sedition Acts

  • allowed Aliens to be deported and detained. Sedition made it illegal for newspapers to criticize the President or Congress

  • increase from 5 to 14 years to be a citizen

  • more immigrants began voting DR

• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

  • Alien and Sedition laws violate the 1st amendment

  • States had the right to say a law was unconstitutional

Topic 3.11: Developing an American Identity

Social Change

• Abolition of Aristocratic Titles

  • State laws abolished old institutions and could not grant titles

• Separation of Church and State

  • States refused to give financial support to any religious group

• Regional Variations

  • All states did not change at the same time. Slavery increased in the South and declined in the North

Political Change

• Political parties rose (Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans)

• debated over ratification of the Constitution

Cultural Change

• Expansion of newspapers- communication and political discussion

• Arts, literature, architecture

Topic 3.12: Movement in the Early Republic

Northwest Ordinance

• cjner ;k;e

• Led to land disputes and conflicts

American Indians

• Indian Intercourse Act: Federal govt. could buy Native land and regulate trade+ travel over the lands

• Tribes West of Mississippi resisted incursions into their land

• Spanish focused on stopped American settlers going into the Southern Frontier so natives had their land

Population Change

• Europeans immigrated to U.S.

• Enslaved Africans being brought in

• Births exceeded deaths

Slavery

• Cotton Gin: device that made splitting seeds from cotton easier

  • cotton became more profitable and demand for enslaved people rose

• Conflict over Expansion of Slavery: regional conflict over slavery North - against and South - for.

• Enslaved African Americans were all over the U.S., Canada, native areas, Florida, etc.

Period 4 (1800-1848)

Topic 4.2: The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

The Election of 1800

• Federalist Party: strong national government, leaned toward Britain in European affairs

• Democratic Republican Party: powers reserved to states, leaned toward the French

• Similarities: supported tariffs on imports to raise revenue

Election Results

• Original Constitution procedure for President and VP: each EC cats 2 votes, Winner is president, 2nd place is VP

• Election of 1800 Results: Jefferson and Burr tied for presidency so the House voted and majority voted Jefferson. Federalists swept from power

• Federalists quietly accepted their defeat and peacefully gave up control of government

Jefferson’s Presidency

• Goals and Political Strategies: maintain national bank and debt repayment plan, neutrality policies, limited central govt., reduced military size, eliminated federal jobs, lowered national debt, repealed excise taxes

Louisiana Purchase

• Original Owners & Reason for Sale: French originally had it then Spain took it and eventually Napoleon took it back. Then he lost interest because he needed to concentrate on fighting Britain so he sold it to the U.S.

• U.S. Interest: They transported goods on the Mississippi River and Spain closed that area off, so getting Louisiana territory would help their economy

• Negotiations + Cost: U.S. bought it for $15 million

• Constitutional Predicament: it didn’t say that a president could buy foreign land. Purchase still ratified though

• Consequences: removed European presence from nation’s borders and extended the western frontier past the Mississippi

• Lewis & Clark: They explored Louisiana territory and mapped it out, relations w/ natives, etc.

Reelection

• Won by a lot. Was accused of abandoning the DR party principles

Aaron Burr

• Federalist Conspiracy: Planned to win governor of NY and unite it with other New England states and secede from the nation. Failed because he was defeated in election

• Duel with Hamilton: Challenged Hamilton to a duel and shot and killed him

• Trial for Treason: Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with Louisiana under his rule. He was arrested and tried for treason and was acquitted

John Marshall Court

• Marbury v. Madison: Gave the Court the power of Judicial Review

• Fletcher v. Peck: State laws are invalid when in conflict with the Constitution

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease: Supreme Court’s right to overrule a state court

• McCulloch v. Maryland: The doctrine of implied powers 

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Charters were contracts which couldn’t be impaired

• Cohens v. Virginia: Federal court had the right to judicial review of state supreme court decisions

Madison’s Presidency

• Election of 1808: weak public speaker and lacked Jefferson’s political skill. Won a majority still.

Topic 4.3: Politics and Regional Interests

Era of Good feelings

• Period of Time after War of 1812 under james Monroe

• One POlitical Party

• Slavery Tensions increased

• Ended around Panic of 1819

James Monroe

• No political rivals

• acquired Florida

• Missouri COmpromise

• Monroe Doctrine

Tariff of 1816

• American factories grew during war of 1812 bc of embargoes

• After war, tariffs were raised to protect U.S. industry

Henry Clay’s American System

• Protect Tariffs

• National Bank w/ National currency

• Focus on internal improvements like roads and canals(didn’t pass)

• people thought this favored the rich

Panic of 1819

• Bank tightened credit to control inflation

• banks close, unemployment rose, bankruptcy

Changes the the Democratic Republican Party

• split in party

- old members wanted limited government

-younger members adopted some federalist ideas

Reason for Westward Movement

• to acquire more land

• to search for a new future and new land

• better transportation made it more possible

• cheap land was appealing to immigrants

New Questions and Issues

• Western land was sold for low prices, concerns about that

• South wanted slavery and the North didn;t want slavery in the new land

Missouri Compromise

• the house and senate had equal representation of slave and non slave states

• Missouri wanted to be a slave state but that would disrupt the balance

• Clay’s Proposal(actual compromise): Missouri joins as a slave state and Maine joins as a free state. Slavery is banned in Louisiana Territory and North of the 36 30 line

Topic 4.4: America on the World Stage

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

• Barbary Pirates: U.S ships were seized by pirates and former presidents had just paid them off. Jefferson sent the navy and fought them. No decisive W but respect gained and some ship protection

• Challenges to Neutrality: British and French were capturing their ships and impressing the crew. Jefferson responded with the embargo act

• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: British warship attacked U.S ship, killing Americans and some impressed. Jeff resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure

• Embargo Act: banned American merchant ships from sailing to foreign ports, failed. Changed it so they can only not go to GB and French ports

Madison’s Foreign Policy

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809: Americans can trade w/ anyone but GB and France

• Macon’s Bill No. 2: Reopened trade w/ GB and France and if either one of them respected U.S. neutrality, the U.S. would embargo the other foe

• Napoleon’s Deception: Napoleon said he would stop seizing U.S. ships so U.S stopped trade w/ GB. Napoleon lied

War of 1812 Causes

• Free Seas and Trade: GB impressed U.S. sailors and not respecting neutrality

• Frontier Pressures: British provided aid to Natives and the U.S thought this was to instigate rebellion from natives

• War Hawks: People who wanted to wage a war w/ GB to defend AMerican honor and gain more territory

• Declaration of War: GB didn’t listen to U.S demands led to them declaring war. News of GB suspending the naval blockade arrived after they declared war.

Military Defeats and Naval Victories

• Invaded Canada but the British repulsed all attack

• American victories in many naval battles and forced GB to retreat

• After Napoleon lost, GB sent more troops to the U.S. and they set fire to important places

Treaty of Ghent

• Halt fighting, return all conquered territory and recognize preward Canadian U.S. boundary

• stalemate

HartFord Convention

• Now needed ⅔ of both houses to support declaring war

War of 1812’s Legacy

• U.S. gained respect of other nations

• Federalist party came to an end

• American Indians forced to surrender their land

• America becoming more industrial

• Nationalism feelings increased

Canada

• Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817: limited fortification on U.S.-Canadian border

• Treaty of 1818: sharing stuff and compromise i guess

Florida

• Spain gave up Florida and Oregon territory to U.S. in return to give up territorial claims to Spanish Texas

Monroe Doctrine

• Said that no country can try to involve themselves in the Western hemisphere, if they do, the U.S. would get involved

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Topic 4.5: Market Revolution: Industrialization

• Before market rev, it was mainly agricultural.

• Roads, canalsm steam engine, railroads increased interconnectedness

• Telegraph allowed people from one end of the country to communicate with the other side

Growth of Industry

• Cotton gin: increased textile industry and increased slavery

• interchangeable parts: led to assembly lines in the future

• Stock: businesses could raise capital by selling shares of stock

• factories grew

• women and children started working in factories

• bad conditions led to the start of labor unions to fight for worker’s rights

Topic 4.6: Market Revolution - Society and Culture

Women

• could only do domestic services or teaching for work

• new responsibilities at home but still had limited rights

Economic and Social Mobility

• Wages improved but gap between really rich and poor widened

POpulation Growth and Change

• Immigrants came because ocean transport was cheap, famine, and revolutions in Europe, and to have more opportunities

- more laborers for the U.S.

       -     Cities began to rapidly grow but poor sanitation and conditions arose

       -     New Cities grew and became transfer points for products

Organized labor

• strikes to improve working conditions

• Led to 10 hr workday, negotiations w/ employers peaceful unions, strikes

Topic 4.7: Expanding Democracy

Greater Equality

• couldn’t really tell between the rich and the poor

The rise of a Democratic Society

• shared democratic beliefs

• self man made

• women left out of this

Politics of the Common Man

• new suffrage laws

• changes in political parties

• better education

• newspaper circulation increased

Universal White Male Suffrage

• new states allowed all white males to vote and hold office

• other minorities still couldn’t

Changes to Parties and Campaigns

• Party Nominating Conventions: encouraged voter participation in nominations

POpular Election

• states began choosing electors

Two-Party System

• backed by large political parties

Rise of Third Parties

• smaller parties emerged to challenge the democrats and whigs

Elected Officials

• state officials elected instead of appointed giving the people more voice

Popular Campaigning

• campaigns became more entertaining and and ignored talking about issues, lowkey became a popularity contest

Spoils System

• Jackson gave jobs to people who supported him and fired non Democrats

Rotation in Office

• Jackson limited people to 1 term so more Democrats could get govt. jobs

Topic 4.8: Jackson and Federal Power

Jackson vs. Adams Election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams won

• Henry Clay helped Adams win and Adams made him secretary of state

• JQA: internal improvements, National university, Congress made new tariff

• Revolution of 1828: they basically bullied each other Jackson and Adams in the 1828 election and insulted each other. Jackson won

Andrew Jacksonś Presidency

• symbol of the common man

• vetoed 12 bills - thats a lot

• Indian Removal act resettled natives

• Trail of Tears

Parties

• Democrats: supported Jackson, weak fed govt. YES

• Whigs: Supported Clay , old Federalist party people, strong federal govt. YES

Jacksonś 2nd Term

• withdrew $ from federal banks into state banks

• Panic of 1837: economic depression

Election of 1836

• Democrats nominated VAn Buren and WHigs nominated 3 ppl. Van Buren won

Van Buren + Panic of 1837

• economy suffered. Blamed democrats for it

Campaign of 1840

• Willian Henry Harrison had afun campaign with cider and log cabins. He won but then he dieed so JOhn  Tyler VP took over as pres.

Western Frontier

• Forced natives to move more west

• white settlers dealt with disease and malnutricion and lived short lives

Topic 4.9

Shifted from enlightenment because of wanting to stay away from Europeanness

Transcendentalists: questioned the church

Shakers: religious communal movement

Amana COlonies: simple communal living

New Harmony: non religious, utopian society

Oneida: Equality, communal child making

Fourier Phalanxes: people shared work and housing. Learned that Americans were too individualistic for this

Painting, architecture away from British style, writing more nationalistic

Topic 4.10: The Second Great Awakening

Causes of Religious Reform

• Emphasis on democracy

• More emotional expression of religion

• fear around the market rev.

• Mobility encouraged people to look for worship

Revivials: led by educated reverends who taught liberal thought in religion

Baptists and Methodists and Calvinists

New Denominations

• Mormons

Reform Backed by Religion

• social reform: less drinking. end slavery, better treatment for mental illness

Topic 4.11: An Age of Reform

Antebellum Reforms:

• Temperance: alcohol was the root cause of crime . American Temperance Society. Led to prohibiting liquor

• Prison and Asylum: publicized the mistreatment of the mentally ill and built new prisons. They eventually got better treatment

• Public Education: worked for mandatory attendance, longer school year, better teacher prep, textbooks, helped further education

Changes in Families and Women’s roles

• birth control reduced family sizes

• Cult of Domesticity: women took charge of the household and children

• Women’s Rights Movements spoke out against discrimination

• Seneca Falls Convention listed women’s grievances

AntiSlavery Movement

• American antislavery society: advocated the abolishment of slavery

• Black ABolitionists like fredrick douglas

• led revolts that killed whites and they responded by killing blacks

Other Reforms:

• protest war w/ mexico

• protected sailors from getting flogged

• dietary reforms

• dress reform for women

• Phrenology

Topic 4.12: African Americans in the Early Republic

North

• small population of AA

• could maintain family own land and work

• couldn’t vote have highly skilled jobs or be in unions

South

• many

• no voting or city jobs

• many stayed there after being free

Enslaved Resistance

• sabotaged equipment and slowed down

Runaways:

• Underground Railroad by Harriet Tubman helped many get free

• led to stricter laws about slaves in south

Rebellion

• Haitian slave revolt

• other rebellions in U.S. unscucessful but these movements gave hope to enslaved ppl

Topic 4.13: The Society of the South in the Early Republic

• Tobbacco , rice, and sugarcane main cash crops. 

• after cotton boom,slavery increased bc of easy profit w/ cotton gin

• Slave codes: restrictions on slave movement and education

• enslaved ppl worth a good amount but only got paid $1 a day

• south not very industrialized

White Society

• South didn’t have many commercial cities

• upper class college, lower-elementary, slaves none

• churches who supported slavery gained memebers and those who didn’t lost memebers

• slow to make social reforms

Period 5: 1844-1877

Topic 5.2: 

• Manifest Destiny: caused by nationalism, population growth, economic development and technological advances and reform ideas

Conflict over Texas

• Austin brought ppl over to Texas to live. However Mexico banned slavery and you had to practice roman catholicism. Americans didn’t like that so they ignored it and kept settling there

• After Mexico tried to enforce those laws, the Americans revolted and Texas became and Independent Republic

• Remember the ALamo

• Mexican leader forced to sign a treaty that said Texas was an indpendent nation

• texas tried to be annexed into US but it was denied bc US was worried abt a war w/ mexico and also it would join as a slave state and then there would be a slave and free state imbalance

Boundary Dispute in Oregon

• territory claimed by multiple nations

• US claim to columbia river, pacific coast, fur trading posts

• Oregon Trail: trail ppl took to settle in that region

THe Election of 1844

• Polk won

• he was a manifest destiny guy, wanted to annex texas , get cali, reoccupy oregon region

Annexing Texas and Divding Oregon

• Pres. Tyler was abt to leave office and so he got the US to annex Texas

• Signed an agreement w/ British to divide Oregon TErritory at 49th parallel

Settlement of the Western Forntiers

• fur traders provided info about thew western areas

• travelling took a while and was very dangerous

• Gold found in Cali so there was a gold rush

• some moved west for farming

• western cities rose from railroads, farming, and mining

Foreign Commerce

• ship design cut voyage times

• steamships

• expanded trade w/ asia

Sewards Folly: William Seward purchased Alaska

Topic 5.3: The Mexican American War

•  US annexation of Texas and Polk’s desire to expand the US led to the war

• Mexico and the U.S. thought the borders were at different areas, which was a problem

• Polk was being cheeky and sent ppl to the border where the mexican army shot them. Technically the blood was spilled on U.S. soil but to Mexico it was their soil. Declared war bc of this cheeky move

• Just kept fighting and taking land basically

Results

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexico recognized the RIo Grande as the Southern border of Texas and the US took over California and part of Mexico for $15 million

• Wilmot Proviso: Forbid slavery in newly acquirred mexican territory, didn’t pass

• increased tensions about slavery 

TOpic 5.4: The Compromise of 1850

• Southerners mad bc slavery wasn’t allowed in Louisiana purchase area

Problems w/ New Territories

• Free Soil Movement: only wanted white ppl settling there, okay with slavery but didn’t want it to spread

• Southern ppl: viewed attempts to restrict sklavery as a violation of their constitutional rights

• Popular Sovereighnty: wanted the ppl who lived in that state to vote if the sate should be slave or free

manifest Destiny in the SOuth

• Tried to buy Cuba but failed

• Unsuccessfull attempts at expansion

• GB and US made treaty to say no one would take any control of any future canal in Central America

• Gadsden Purchase: Pierce bought a strip of land from MExico\

Electioon of 1848: Whig Zachary Tyler won

Compromises to Preserve the Union:

• Gold rush in cali

• California banned slavery

• Compromise of 1850 proposed by Clay: California free state, MExican secession land into Utah and New Mexico, land to Texas and New Mexio to disput, slave trade banned in DC, fugitive slave law

Topic 5.5: Sectional Conflict Regional Differences

• Americans didn;t like immigrants bc they thought they would take their jobs

• irish and Germans came in this period

The Expanding Economy

• textile mills spread all over, railroads, sewing machine, telegraph, firearms

- increased communication between sections (north and south)

       -     Railroads funded by local and state funding ( north advantage in war)

• Panic of 1857: decrease in agricultural food prices, south was unaffected

Agitation over slavery

• Compromise eased it but the fugitive slave act made it worse bc northerners wouldn’t really turn slaves in and that made south mad

Fugitive Slave Law

• south accept Cali as a free state but north had to return fugitive slaves which they didn;t want to do

Underground Railroad

• Harriet Tubman helped enslaved people escape to the north

Southern Reaction

• argued slavery was good and okay with God

Effects of Law and Literature

• north became more concerned abt slavery and south was convinced the north would try to abolish slavery

Topic 5.6: Failure of Compromise

Election of 1852

• Franklin Pierce won

Kansas-Nebraska Act: split nebraska into nebraska and kansas and let people choose if slavery were to be allowed there

• bleeding Kansas: pro and anti slavery ppl went to kansas to increase the vote for their side. Led to fighting where some were killed

Republican Party

• former whigs who opposed slavery , northern party

Dred Scott v Sandford

• Scott was a slave in Missouri but went to wisconsin and was free. He got sent back and sued for freedom

• Lincoln became popular bc he challenged Douglas over popular sovereignty

Topic 5.7:Election of 1860 and Secession

John Brown Raid

• He attacked a Harper’s Ferry in hopes that the slaves there would revolt with him

Election of 1860

• breakup of Democratice Party

• Republicans nominated lincoln and won

Secession of South

• lincoln got elected so the south seceeded and became confederacy

• Crittenden Compromise: Slave states allowed below Missouri line, didn;t pass

A NAtion Divided

• Fort Sumter: South controled it, where war began, North won

• Secession of the Upper south: they left after it was clear lincoln would use troops to defend the union

• Union tried to keep the border states from seceeding by allowing them to be slave states

Topic 5.8: Military Conflict in the Civil War Era

Differences

• Confederacy: only had to defend, financial aid from europeans bc of demand for cotton, reason: independence, no $$

• Union: had to conquer confederacy land, strong economy, reason: preserve the union

First Years of War

• Union Strats: anaconda plan was to block southern ports, control mississippi river to cut south into 2,

• 1st battle of bull run: confederates won

• Pennicula Campaign: union lost

• 2nd Battle of Bull Run: COnfederates won

• Antietam: Union victory. Encouragement for union after many losses

• Fredricksberg: Union had more losses than confederacy

• Monitor Vs. Merrimac ships: C Merrimacs attacked U Monitors, draw

• Grant in the West: Ulysses S. Grant lead many Union victories

• Ironclad confederacy ships sunk many union ships

Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

• GB gave ships to confederacy that captured many union ships

• GB found other sources of cotton and C also lost Antietam so they lost economic measures

Union Triumphs

• Battles of Vicksburg: Union victory that cut off Texas and some other states from rest of confederacy

• Gettysburg: Confederates attack but forced to retreat. They never regain the offensive after this

• Grants plan was to wear down confederate armies and destroy supply line by cutting off the Mississippi

• Sherman’s march: basically destroyed everything they came across

End of the War

• Confederacy surrendered because of the union blockade, sherman’s march which ruined morale, hunger, and many lost battles

Topic 5.9: Government Policies During the Civil War

The End of Slavery

• union freed enslaved persons by anyone to rebel

• slaves began escaping to union camps, bad for confederacy bc they had no laborers

• Emancipation proclamation: free slaves in rebeling states + compensated slave owners

• Only freed small amount of slaves bc it only applied to ones outside union control

• African Americans served in segregated units in the war

Effect of the war 

• Civil Liberties: lincoln suspended habeus corpus meaning anyone arrrested could be locked up w/o know why and w/o trial

• The DraftL everyone ages 20-45 were subjected to military service unless they paid a $300 fee

• Election of 1864: Lincoln won again

• Political Dominance of the North

Economic Change

• increased tariffs, excise taxes, and income tax

• inflation

• Homestead ACt: greta plains land given to ppl

Assassination of Lincoln

• John Wilkes booth killed him at the opera. He was widely mourned

Topic 5.10: Reconstruction

Challenges

• How will the South rebuild

• AA place in society?

• how responsible is the federal government in helping former slaves adjust

• shoudl confederate states be streated the same

• etc

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plans

• Policy: Pardens if they took an oath of allegience to Unnion and Constitution and accepted emancipation of slaves

• Freedmen’s Beaurou: helped newly freed enslaved people adjust to freed life

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plans

• removing rote to vote of confederate officeholder with a lot of land

• vetoed 29 bills

COngressional Reconstruction

• 13th amendment banned slavery

• Civil Rights ACt of 1866: all AA were U.S. citizens

• 14th amendment: all ppl born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens

• Election of 1866: Johnson attacked his opponents and won

• Reconstruction Acts divided former confederacy states into military states and once they met the requirements they would get readmission. required: ratifying 14th amendment

Impeahcment of Andrew Johnson

• he fired someone w/o senate approval and was impeached. Short of 1 vote from getting removed from office

Reforms after Grants election

• 15th amendment: banned any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote based of prejudice

• Civil Rights Act of 1875: equal accommodation in public spaces

Reconstruction in the South

• confederate states had military troops in them

• 2 african americans became senators

• Black churhces, schools, and communities built

North During Reconstruction

• republican began giving jobs to those who supported them

• corruption

• balck communities

• Election of 1872:Ulysses. S Grant won

• Panic of 1873: disaster

Women’s changing roles: operate farms, took factory jobs, nurses, volunteered

Women’s suffrage: demanded equal voting rights for women. 14th and 15th amendments limited to men

Topic 5.11: Failure of Reconstruction

Lincoln’s last speech

• encouraged north to accept louisiana as a reconstructed state

Evaluating the Republican Record

• liberalized state constitutions, universal male suffrage, property rights for women, reconstruction

• wasteful spending and taking bribes

The End of Reconstruction

• KKK

• Federal authorities given power to stop KKK violence

• Soithern government didn;t extend voting rights to black people

• black codes: restricted rights of black ppl

• Sharecropping: new form of servitude

• Annesty Act of 1872: removed the last restrictions on ex-confederates

• Election of 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes won

• Compromise of 1877: If Hayes was pres. he would end federal support of the south and support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad