Elements-and-Atoms

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Title: Elements & Atoms

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  • Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.

  • Structure of Matter:

    • Composed entirely of atoms.

    • Atoms are analogous to bricks in construction.

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  • Parts of an Atom:

    • Proton: Positive charge

    • Neutron: No charge

    • Electron: Negative charge

  • Location: Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around it.

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  • Definition of Elements:

    • The fundamental components for creating molecules.

    • Made up of atoms; composed uniformly but can differ in weight and structure.

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  • Atoms maintain equal numbers of electrons and protons; neutrons may vary.

  • Examples:

    • Hydrogen: 1 proton, 1 electron, 0 neutrons

    • Helium: 2 protons, 2 electrons, 2 neutrons

    • Carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons

  • Atom Modification:

    • Adding a proton creates a new atom.

    • Adding a neutron produces an isotope.

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  • Role of Elements:

    • Fundamental to all matter.

    • The Periodic Table lists all elements, similar to an alphabet in chemistry.

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  • Periodic Table Information:

    • Atomic Number: Equal to the number of protons and electrons.

    • Element Symbol: Abbreviation for the element.

    • Atomic Mass/Weight: Sum of protons and neutrons.

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  • Atom Models:

    • Focus on two models:

      • Bohr Model

      • Lewis Dot Structure

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Bohr Model

  • Illustrates all particles in the atom.

  • Nucleus contains protons (+) and neutrons (N); electrons are denoted by (-) and arranged around the nucleus.

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  • Electron Configuration Rules:

    • Electrons are organized in shells or energy levels.

    • Capacity limits for each shell:

      • 1st Shell: Max 2 electrons

      • 2nd Shell: Max 8 electrons

      • 3rd Shell: Max 18 electrons

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Electron Shell Capacities

  • Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons.

  • 1st Shell: 2 electrons maximum.

  • 2nd Shell: 8 electrons maximum.

  • 3rd Shell: 18 electrons maximum.

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  • Outer Shell Electrons:

    • Valance Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell.

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Drawing a Lithium Atom

  1. Reference the periodic table.

  2. Count protons (atomic number).

  3. Determine neutrons (atomic mass - atomic number).

  4. Count electrons (atomic number).

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  • Lithium Atom Composition:

    • Protons: 3

    • Neutrons: 4 (7-3=4)

    • Electrons: 3 (2 in 1st shell, 1 in 2nd shell).

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Lewis Dot Structure

  • Represents the element symbol and outermost electrons only.

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Drawing Lewis Dot Structure

  • Instructions to place dots starting from the right and moving clockwise.

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Activity

  • Create the Bohr and Lewis Dot structures for the first 20 elements using beans as visual aids:

    • Lentils as electrons.

    • Lima Beans as protons.

    • Kidney Beans as neutrons.

  • Suggested method: burrito fold to make a chart labeled with element, Bohr model, and Lewis Dot.