Unit 1 AP BIO - Review Notes
Hypotheses: Educated guesses that are based on prior knowledge and prior research.
Null Hypothesis: What you would expect if your hypothesis was false.
Alternative Hypothesis: What you would expect if your hypothesis was true
Null Hypothesis - Opposite - Alternative Hypothesis
Variables:
Independent Variable: This is the manipulated variable which you can change
Independent Variable: The responding variable which can be measured.
Controlled Variable: Conditions that stays the same for all experimental groups.
Groups:
Control Group: The group that remains unchanged or untreated to refer back to.
Experimental Group: The group that is changed or treated.
One experiment may not yield accurate results.
Generalization is only made when a small sample size is made and based on the result of from that experiment the same patterns can be assumed of the larger whole.
In order to avoid making false generalization, try to have a large sample size.
Sampling Error: The difference between the result of the subset and the result of the whole.
Bias: When scientists only pay attention to the results they expect to happen.
Scientific Theory: A long-standing hypothesis that has been disapproved after many years of rigorous testing.
Types of Data Collection:
Tables - are used to organize exact amounts of data and to display numerical information. Tables do not show visual comparisons.
Line graphs - are used to display data or information that changes continuously over time. Line graphs allow us to see overall trends such as an increase or decrease in data over time.
Bar graphs - are used to compare facts. The bars provide a visual display for comparing quantities in different categories or groups.
Statistically Significant - refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Standard Deviation: a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean.
Lower Standard Deviation: Data is closer to the mean and
High Standard Deviation: Data is more spread out from the mean