Ultimate AP World History Vocab List
Unit 1 The Global Tapestry (C. 1200 C.E. - C. 1450 C.E.):
Filial piety in East Asia: A partriarichal family system that focuses on respecting your elders and reinforcing the hierarchal Confucianism of the age and gender. This concept forms the basis for idicidual moral conduct and social harmony.
Neo-Confucianism in East Asia: A revival of Confucianism, starting during the Tang dynasty. It combines Buddhist and Daoist influences and emphasized self-growth that led to self-fufillmet and a united society and state in China.
Theravada Buddhism: The oldest school of Buddhism that has the strongest sense of historical teachings of the original Buddha and is the bases of all other schools of Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism: The school of Buddhism that focuses on self-enlightenment and spread from India to China and Korea.
Tibetan Buddhism: A form of Buddhism that developed in Tibet that focused on becoming a Buddha rather than enlightenment. This became dominant culture in Tibet and had a powerful influence over pilitics, art, and more that created tension in Tibet.
Champa Rice: A fast growing and drought-resistant rice from the Champa Kingdom that has two growing seasons. This rice expanded agriculture production in China and allowed farming to spread to regions previously unable to support agriculture.
Grand Canal Expansion: A series of internal waterways in eastern and northern China that link Hangzhou with Beijing in an inexpensive and efficient way. This expansion enabled more trade wihtin China, ensured economic prosperity, and improved communication.
Seljuk Empire: A Turco-Persian, Sunni islamic empire that went on to become the Ottoman Empire. This empire brought Islam and Turkish culture to Anatolia and Southwest Asia.
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt: A state that ruled over Egypt, the Levant, and the Hejaz, and was ruled by freed slave soldiers. The greatest Islamic empire of the later Middle ages that’s capital, Cairo, became the center of the Arab Islamic World.
Delhi Sultanates: An Islamic Empire stretching over most of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years. The rise of Islam as a major religion and decentralized government was due to this empire.
Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi): He founded spherical trigonometry and treated it as a new mathematical discipline. He was Islamic and he changed the way we thought about math that contributed to the “Golden Age” of Islam.
Advancements in literature (‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah): A sufi poet and mystic, along with a femail writer in Baghdad. She was one of the first Muslim writers to express her opinions and contrast Muslim and Sufis.
House of Wisdom: A major Abbasid-era public avademy and intellectual center in Baghdad. It helped stread Islamic Culture and ideas throughout Afro-Eurasia through scholars traveling to Baghdad.
Sufism: Mystical Islamic belief where Muslims seek truth of divine love and knowledge through direct experience with God. IT was a unifying belief system that appealed to the common folk and contributed greatly to the spread of Islam.
Buddhist monasticism: A self-diciplined and isolated way of life. The earliest surviving form of organized monasticims. Monks gained political protection and in return, provided religious education and scholarship help.
Maya City-States: Independent political entities consisting of central urban areas surrounded by smaller settlements. Each settlement had specialized roles to support the state and they oversaw improvements in architecture, writing systems, and calendrical systems. They also controlled trade in meso-america.
Mexica: A seminomadic people who migrated southward from northern Mexico and created a feudist system similar to medeval Europe and formed an alliance known as the Triple Alliance.
Inca: The largest state in Americas that controlled the Andean region and became the moste powerful empire in South America. They brought indeginous people under control and achieved major advancements in architecture and farming tools.
Cahokia: A Native American civilization that became a large trading hub and is known for their religious mounds. They were a resource dense center of trade and communication in the area.
Great Zimbabwe: A medieval African city known for its large circular wall and tower, the largest of the Shone peoples political center. One of the most developled centers in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa and stands to show the orginization, autonomy, and economic power of Shone people.
European Feudalism: A heirarchical system of land ownership and obligations that defined medival European society. Lords granted land to vassals in exchange for service, this restricted social mobility in medival Europe by creating a rigid class structure.
Unit 2 Networks of Exchange (C. 1200 C.E. - C. 1450 C.E.):
Kashgar: A market city in far western China that connected the northern and southern silk roads. Kashgar was a place where merchants could trade and sell their goods and exchange cultures in the large market.
Smarkand: A central trading city along the silk roads that was a big melting pot of cultures. SMarkand was proof of how cultures spread and muddled together on the Sil Roads thanks to its many cultures all in one city.
Bills of Exchange: Similar to modern day checks, bills of exchange or “Flying money” was issued when a merchant put money in a bank and could use it for buying goods. They made it easier for merchants to purchase goods without hazards of carrying coins around.
Banking Houses: Institutions that provided financial services along Silk Roads. Supports interregional trade in luxery goods and stimulated more trading opportunities, connecting more regions.
Use of Paper Money: Government note that represented a certain amount of coins, developed in 7th century China. It was easier to transport and enabled more travel without the weight of coins.
Transfer of Greco-Islamic knowledge to W. Europe: An exchange of knowledge facilitated by the translation of arabic and greek text into latin. This emphasized the span and effect of Mongol Influence and cultural exchange, specifically in the medical field.
Transfer of Arabic number system to Europe: A set of mathematical symbols that spread to Europe on trade routes controlled by Mongols. Trade routes flourished under Mongol rule, making it easier for cultural exchange.
Swahili city-states: Muslim, cosmopolitan, and politically independent city-states, including Kilwa, Malindi, Gedi, Pate, Comoros, and Zanzibar. They provided and connected raw materials from Africa to Arabia, India, Persia, and China, therefore boosting the local economy.
Gujarat: Strong trading port in India that connected the East and West throught maritime trade during midival times.
Sultanate of Malacca: Malay Sultanate founded by Srivijayan prince (Parameswaren) and was a major port city. The most important por in South East Asia and was a gateway between Spice Islands and Eurasian markets.
Diasporic Communities: Immigrants who relocated from ancestral homelands and retain distinct cultural identities as ethnic minority groups in host countries. They introduced their own cultural traditions into indegenous cultures.
Sino Merchant communities in SE Asia: Chinese merchant communities that imported and ezported goods between Qing Empire and SE Asia. Played a key role in the development of colonial economy, expecially in Singapore, Manila, Selgon, and Badavia.
Malay communities in the Indian Ocean: A place of exchange between the peninsula and mainland SE Asia. Had a significance role in navigation, trade, and cultural exchange in the Indian Ocean basin.
Camel Saddle: A comfortable and secure seating arrangement that enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of camel transportation. This spread Islamic sulture, scholarship and technology across the Sahara as it facilitated trade.
Caravans: Groups of merchants who banded together to travel across dangerous terrain, like deserts. This ensured safety in numbers and boosted Gold-Salt trade.
Influence of Buddhism and Hinduism into SE Asia: Buddhism and Hinduism brougth elaborate systems of belifs and rituals that SE Asian rulers could claim divine legitimacy with. This contributed greatly to the development of written tradition in the area.
Spread of Islam in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Islam was spread through Arab merchants across the Sahara Desert and it enriched the Muslim world and led to new communities and empires.
Gunpowder from China: A flammable powder used originally for fireworks that blew things and people up. It was helpful in siege warfare, lading to rockets, cannons, bombs, and mines.
Ibn Battuta: A medieval Muslim traveler who wrote one of the world’s most famous travel logs, the Rihlah. He made it possible for Arabic-speaking Islamic people to learn from eachother as well as from non-Muslim areas.
Marco Polo: A venetian trader in the 13th century. He visited Kublai Kahn and the Silk Roads in China. He highlighted the potential for wealth through trade in Asia.
Unit 3 Land-Based Empires 1450-1750 CE
Safavid-Mughal Conflict: The Safavid empire fought to recapture the Afghan cities of Kabul and Kandzhar from the Mughals. Both cities were big trading cities that grew the Safavid economy.
Songhai Empire’s Conflict with Morocco: Morocco used Songhai’s weakness, due to internall conflict, to take over the empire of Songhai. The Moroccans came and revived the trans-Sharan trade in salt and gold.
Ottoman Devshirme: The Ottomans took Christian boys from the Balkans and raised them to be loyal servants of the Sultan. This practice allowed for the Ottoman’s to fight the Safavid’s without disobeying the Quaran.
Salaried Sumurai: Professional warriors in Japan during the Edo period who revieved a fized salary. They contributed to the centralization of power under the Tokugawa shogunate.
Mexica/Aztec Practice of Human Sacrifice: The Mexica/Aztec people performed ritualistic sacrifice to their gods, that sacrified humans, often times captives. It represents the reliance they put in these rituals to keep them alive and shows us their culture.
European Notions of Divine Right: A political doctrine that said kings derived their authority from God. This was the justification used for monarchal absolutism in Europe.
Songhai Promotion of Islam: Ashia Muhammad I hired Islamic scholars from North Africa to teach in Timbuktu, promoting Islam. This promoted the spread of Islam throughout the region and the Songhai Empire became a preeminent patron of Islam.
Qing Imperial Portraits (Arts): Small portraits of imperial ancestors that displayed the appearance of emporors and empresses. Embodied many symbolisms that reglect the culture, history, and art of the Qing court.
Incan Sun Temple of Cuzco: An important Incan religious site that was dedicated to their sun god, Inti. This showed the Inca Empire’s power and religious beliefs.
Mughal Mausolea and Mosques: Mughal architecture that had a building style that flourished during that time and served as symbols of Islamic faith. A way for the Mughals to assert religious athority, promote their version of Islam, and legitamatize their rule.
European Palaces, such as Versailles: Grand places used for the residence of monarchs, rulers, and other royal family members. They were built to demonstrate wealth, power, and authority.
Mughal Zamindar Tax Collection: Taxes were collected in the form of a portion of crop yield, known as “Zabt”. Allowed for efficient administration across the vast and diverse regions of the Mughal Empire.
Ottoman Tax Farming: State auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder who then collected the state tazes, made payments, and kept part of it. Efficiently dealt with the limited supply of cash money, silver, and gold circulation.
Mexica/Aztec Tribute lists: Showed what items and textiles people controlled by the Mexica/Aztec sent back to the government. Facilitated economic governance but also showed the symbol of imperial power and control of empires.
Ming Practice of Collecting Taxes in Hard Currency: Known as the Single Whip Law, in an act to get rid of inflation the Ming switched to silver and gold taxes. It contributed to economic stability and fiscal strength during the Ming Dynasty.
Unit 4 1450-1750 CE
Caravel: A small, fast Spanish or Portugese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. The speed, agility, and durability allowed explorers to go farther and discover more.
Carrack: A sailing ship built with three or four masts with square and lateen sails. They were stable on the open ocean and could carry enough men for exploration.
Fluyt: Long, large three-masted ships with a pear-shaped stern. The Dutch used them as trading ships because of their large capacity for cargo.
Lateen Sail: Triangular sails that allowed for ships to travel closer to the wind. They enhanced the design and functionality of ships, making them faster and more maneuverability.
Compass: A navigational tool that wuses a magnetic needle to indicate the direction of magnetic north. This allowed for more reliable navigation and greatly aided European exploration from the fifteenth century on.
Astronomical Charts: Charts of the sky that divides up constellations and astronomical bodies by location for navigation. this allowed mariners to plot their courses based on celestial bodies.
TransAtlantic Domesticated Animals: Europeans brought horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs over to the Americas. These animals changed agricultural practices and transportation in the Americas.
TransAtlantic foods that were diffuesed: Corn, tobacco, potatoes, and more were spread across the TransAtlantic via the Columbian Exchange. New food changed diets and grew the commercial growth of crops.
Ming China: The Ming restored Chinese culture and centralized the government. Ming Dynasty greatly enhanced cultural developments in East Asia.
Tokugawa Japan: The governing family of Japan during the Edo period was the Tokugawas. They reunified and restored order in Japan and supported social heirarchies.
Swahili Arabs: A collection of independent coastal cities along the East African coast. They were ideal hubs for maritime trade along the Indian Ocean routes.
Omanis: A powerful regional trading power based on maritime trade. Dominated crucial trade routes, especially spice trade.
Gujaratis: People who lived in Indian diasporic communities and were often merchants. They facilataded Indian Ocean trade along the coasts of India.
Javanese: Indonesian Muslims living on the island of Java. Experienced cultural flourishing and political transformations due to their positioning in maritime trade.
Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean: A conflict for the control over Indian Ocean trade between the Muslims and European powers. This led to a power shift in Indian Ocean trade from the Muslims to the Europeans.
Moroccan Conflict with the Songhai Empire: Internal political chaos and civil wars within the Songhai Empire led to the Moroccan taking over. This facilitated Morocco’s control over key trade routes, leading to the revival of trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold.
Increased peasant and artisan labor in W. Europe (wool/linen): The increased demand for woolen and linen textiles in W. Europe led to peasant and artisans engaging in sheep farming, spinning, weaving, and dying. This led to greater economic growth, international trade, urbanization, and the formation of guilds.
Increased peasant and artisan labor in India (cotton): Due to the status symbol of cotton, the demand for it increased so peasants and artisans labor increased. Some peasants sold more for profit of worked the land of others to increase their incomes.
Increased peasant and artisan labor in China (silk): As China monopolized silk trade the demand for labor to keep up also increased. Facilitating trade and fueled the commercializing economy.
Local Resistance- Pueblo Revolts: A revolution against Spanish religious, economics, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos. Helped ensure cultural survival and demonstrated the resilience of the Pueblo people.
Local Resistance- The Fronde: A series of civil wars in France in an attempt to check the powers of the royal government. Since the civil wars failed, they made way for Louis XIV’s absolutism reign.
Local Resistance- Cossack Revolts: A rebellion led by Yamalyan Pugachev along with the serfs against Catherine the Great. It led to further oppression of the serfs inflicted by Catherine the Great.
Local Resistance- Maratha Conflict w/Mughals: Maratha warriors fought the Mughals for thier territory becuse they wanted inf or religious purposes. Caused a power shift in modern day India over religious conflict.
Local Resistance- Ana Nzinga’s resistance: A rebellion against the portugese, who hadd trading posts in Ndago, led by Nzinga. After they fled, they created the economically strong Matanba.
Local Resistance- Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War): REbellion against the British who started colonizing the New World, led by indegenouse people. Lost the Mohagaht Peguet groups and led to teh Wanipanaag being subjeted to British colonizers.
Save Resistance- Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil: Escaped slaves from Jamaca created their own society ruled by Queen Nanny. This created a safe place for escaped slaves under somone considered a national hero.
Slave Resistance- North AMerican slave resistance: Slaves refusal to willingly work and instead resist in N. America, typically “day-to-day” resistance. Started many attempts to get rid of the idea that people were property and gain freedom for enslaved.
Expulsion of Jews from the Iberian-acceptance in Ottoman Empire: When the Jews were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula by King Ferdnand and Queen Isabella, they moved to the more tolerant Ottoman Empire. The Jewish community thrived in the Ottoman Empire, Jewish people became physicians and diplomats adn they contributed to the success of the Ottoman’s economy.
Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing Empire: When the Manchu people took control of CHina, they forced the Han Chinese people to conform to their culture. Represented cultural suppression and became the motive behind rebellions like those led by Li Chengdong and Liv Liangava.
Varied statuses of women within the Ottoman Empire: The Woman’s household power depended on the men in her families social status. Women from lower-classes would do housework while higherclass women were in control of the house.
Existing Elites- Ottoman TImars: Land grants or revenues by the Sultan to an individual in compensation for his services. Provided a backbone of the calvary and the army, along with keeping the Sultan in high position of power.
Existing Elites- Russian Boyars: A privileged class of rich landowners. They maintained the system of serfdom in Russia.
Existing Elites- European Nobles: Members of the high social class in medieval Europe, typically holding land and titles granted by the monarch. Played a crucial role in the fuedal system and military, plus they provided loyalty.
Unit 5 Revolutions (1750-1900 CE)
Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women: A feminist work of writing that argues that women should have the same education as men. It laid out the tenets of what today we call “equality” or “liberal” feminist theory.
Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen: A feminist piece that mimiked the “Declaration of the Rights of Men” and argued for women’s rights and equal participation in society. It brought attention to a set of feminist concerns that collectively reflected and influenced the aims of many French Revolutionaries.
Seneca Falls Conference: A women’s rights convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. It launched the woman suffrage movement in the United States.
Propaganda Movement in the Phillippines: A reform and national conciousness movement that arose among young Filipino expatriotes. It aimed for reforms such as representation of Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes, equality under the law and secularation of education.
Maori Nationalism & New Sealand Wars: Conflict over sovreignty and land led to batttles between government forces and some iwi Maori. It changed the face of New Zealand and led to some land being returned.
Writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tio: Nationalistic writings about aspirations for independence and fostering a sense of cultural identity. Left a mark on Puerto Rican literature and the struggle for independence.
German and Italian Unifications: The coming together/unification of Germany and Italy; largely motivated by liberalism and nationalism. Energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government.
Balkan Nationalism: The strong sense of national identity and the desire for self-determination among the various ethnic groups in the Balkan peninsula. Played a critial role in reshaping the pilitical landscape of Southeast Europe.
Ottomanism: A political trend in which loyalty to the sultan was replaced with loyalty to the Ottoman State. It prompted equality amongst the millets.
Shipbuilding in India & SE Asia: The historical practice of constructing ships in these regions. Due to rapid industrialization and technological advancements in Europe, there was a decline in production in these regions.
Iron works in India: The historical decline of India’s iron production due to British colonization. This led to deindustrialization and economic dependence and Britain.
Textile production in India & Egypt: The decline of India and Egypt’s textile industries due to industrialization in Europe. Led to a significant decrease in market share as European produced more textiles for cheaper.
Muhammad Ali’s Cotton Textile Reforms: Muhammad Ali pushed to establish a\
cotton production and textile industry in Egypt. It brought in money to Egypt and began the process of modernizing Egypt.
Hong Kong and the Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC): A transnational buisness established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia. Played a significant role in teh economic development of Asia and symbolizes the growing interconnectedness of the world.
Stock Markets: Platforms where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold. Played a central role in shaping modern capitalism and is considered the primary indiator of a country’s economic strength.
Limited-Liability Corporations: A type of buisess with limited liability for the owners with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax. Members’ assets are guaranteed by the constitution against liability and they can acquire capital easier.
Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900 CE)
King Leopold II and the Belgian Congo: King Leopald II personally owned the Beligian Congo, controlling its production entirely. Work conditions and living conditions were terrible, leading to Leopald’s pwer taken away.
Shift from VOC to Dutch government control of Indonesia and SE Asia: the transition when the Dutch gov took control of Indonesia and SE Asian due to the VOC’s financial mismanagement and bankruptcy. Led to greater exploitation of the region’s resources and tighter political control over indegenous populations.
European state expansion into West Africa: Africa became a new market for Europe to sell goods as the polities led to the colonization of Africa, adding to European nationalism. A disruption of the existing African societies, economies, and political structures.
Established colonies in New Zealand: The Britis established settler colonies in New Zealand and made treaties with the indeginous people. Significantly changed the Maori’s way of life, but boosted the foodstuff market.
Tupac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru: A major indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru aimed to overthrow gov. due to harsh conditions and taxes. Highlighted the growing discontent with oppressive systems.
Samory Toure’s military battles in W. Africa: Military battles in W. Africa primarily against the French forces such as the Battles of Bamako and Bure. Highlighted the challenges African leaders faced against European powers.
Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa: Conflict between Ashanti people and the British Colonial forces as the “War of the Golden Stool”. Through the Ashanti were defeated the symbolic nature inspired resistance movements.
1857 rebellion in India: Uprising against the EIC’s rule in India spurring from Indian sepoys discontent over oppresive practices. Led to the abolishment of the EIC’s rule over India by the Bridish crown.
Establishment of New Balkan States: Various ethnic groups within the region gained independence grom Ottoman Empire. Fueled rising nationalism and led to increased ethnic tensions, contributing to the outbreak of WWI.
Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria: Uniting various Hausa kingdoms under Islamic rule that encompassed much of present-day northern Nigeria. Promoted Islamic scholarship and governance structures, impacting political, social, and religous landscape.
Cherokee Nation: A Native American Tribe that adopted white settler culture to attempt to keep their land. Even though they adopted many white ideas, they were still forced out of their land by the Indian Removal Act.
Zulu Kingdom: A Kingdom on the Coast of South Africa that the British attempted to colonize in the 1870s. Despite the Zulu’s first win against the British, Britain still took their land, showing thier powers.
Ghost Dance in U.S.: The movement spread by Northern Paiote Indians that claimed the dead would come back to drive out White Settlers. Showed the influence that Native Americans had as the movement spread all across the U.S..
Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in S. Africa: In S. Africa, cattle became sick, possibly because of British desease leading people to kill alll cattle and crops in hopes that spirits will banish British settlers. Caused thousands of deaths among those people and many people suffered from famine.
Mahdist wars in Sudan: A rebellion that was led by Muhamman Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi and aimed to force British & Egyptian forces out of Sudan. A major religious movement that was anti-imperialist uprising against British & Egyptian rule.
Egyptian Cotton production: Significant increase in cotton cultivation in Egypt during the 19th century, driven by Muhammad Ali Pasha’s policies. Represented a key moment of economic development in Egypt.
Amazon and Congo Rubber Extraction: The exploitation of rubber from wild rubber trees in the Amazon rainforest of South America and the Congo Basin of Africa. A brutal example European colonial exploitation where indigenous populations were abused.
Palm Oil trade in W. Africa: Due to its use in the Industrial Revolution, Palm oil became a major export from colonies in W. Africa and SE Asia. Serves as a key example of economic imperialism in the region through the cash crop.
Diamond extraction/trade from Africa: A major factor in European colonization as many gought for control over the diamond market. Led to the exploitation of local populations, social disruption, and economic transformation.
Opium Wars in China: A series of conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade. They marked the start of an era of unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers.
British support of the construction of the Port of Buenos Aires: Britain heavily invested in the development of Argentina’s infrastructure to facilitate trade. A key example of economic imperialism that benifitted Britain.
South Asian and Egyptian Cotton Exported to Britain/Europe: this supplied raw materials for the textile industry, facilitated cash-crop agriculture, and created an export economy. This was used to Britain’s economic advantage.
Extraction of Chilean copper: The mining and extraction of large quantities of copper ore from Chile. An example of economic imperialism as Chile was exploited for vast copper reserved.
Migrant Workers- Japanese agrarian workers in the Pacific: large numbers of Japanese farmers elft their homeland to work on sugar plantations in the Pacific islands. Highlights the global reach of labor migration during the late 19th and early 20th century.
Migrant Workers- Lebanese merchants in the Americas: Lebanese people, primarily smallscale traders or merchants, moved to various countries in Americas due to political instability and opportunities. Represents global pattern of people taking advantage of economic opportunities.
Migrant Workers- Italian industrial workers in North and South America: Italians from impoverished regions left for better economic opportunities primarily working in manual labor jobs. Contributed to developing Urban centers, ethnic enclaves and leaving cultural impact.
Migrant Workers- Irish laborers to the USA: Irish migrants settled in urban areas in the USA, particularly New York and Boston. Highlighted social and economic impacts of large-scale migration on both the sending and recieving countries.
British engineers and geologists to South Africa and South Asia: British engineers and geologists moved during British colonization to develop infrastructure and export natural resources. Effectively spread western technology and scientific knowledge throughout British Empire.
Migrant Enclaves Chinese in SE Asia, Caribbean, SOuth America and North America: Areas where Chinese people would migrate in a search for work. Allowed for Chinese poeple to retain their culture, as well as spread it around the world.
Migrant Enclaves Indians in East and South Africa, the caribbean, and SE Asia: Clusters of Indian migrants who often became indentured servants and/or worked on sugar, coffee, tea, and rubber plantations. Retained Indian, Hindu, and Muslim culture while pointing out injustices against Indians in Africa.
Migrant Enclaves Irish in North America: Enclaves of Irish migrants that left Ireland during and after the Great Famine becoming indentured servants of living on the W. frotier. Spread lively Irish culture and provided many work opportunities for Irish migrants.
Migrant Enclaves Italians in North and South America: Italian migrants were drawn to the fertile soil, high wages, and civil rights that Argentina offered. Gave Italian migrants better living situations and expanded the reach of Italian culture.
Government Regulation Chinese Exclusion Act: An act that banned Chinese immigration into the USA from 1882-1943. Displayed the high levels of discrimination against Chinese Immigrants.
Government Regulation White Australia Policy: An attempt to prevent non-British immigration in Australia to preserve “white Australia”. Showed high amounts of discrimination against non-white poeple.
Unit 7 Global Conflict (1900-present):
Young Turks: A political reform movement within the late Ottoman Empire, primarily advocating for modernization, secularism, and Turkish nationalism. Marks a major attempt to reform the empire in the face of European pressures and tensions.
Mexican Revolution: A conflict aimed at overthrowing the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz and addressing social and economic inequalities. Resulted in a new constitution and significant political and land reforms.
Sun Yat-sen: The leader who spearheaded to overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China. His “Three Principles of the People” served as a gyiding framework for the new Chinese government.
Kemal Ataturk: The founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey who led a revolutionary movement to modernize the country after WWI. Enacted sweeping reforms to modernize Turkey.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa: A revolutionary who played a key role during the Mexican revolution. Led troops that forced Porfirio Diaz into exile.
Emiliano Zapata: A mexican revolutionary that fought for land rights and was a major figure. He redistributed Mexican land to peasants.
Triple Alliance/Central Powers: An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Was one of the main alliances that fought in the Great War.
Black Hand: A terrorist group that aimed to rid the Balkans of Austria-Hungary control. A part of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the start of the Great War.
Militarism: The celebration and emphasis on war, armed forces, and military strength. Led to many countries incesting largely into their military.
Self-determination: The principle that a people or nation has the right to freely to freely choose their political status and pursue thier own economic, social, and cultural development. Led to formations of new-nation states and fueled nationalist movements.
WWI Propaganda: The use of biased information, often through posters, pamphlets, and other media, by governments to manipulate public opinion. Mobalized public support for the war effort and maintained morale.
Lusitania: A British passenger liner which was sunk by a German U-boat during WWI. Greatly angered American public and contributing to the USA joining the war.
Zimmerman Telegram: A secret message sent by German foreign secretary, Zimmerman, to Mexico proposing an alliance who Mexico would regain lost territory from the USA. Played a key role in swaying American public opinion towards war with Germany.
Total War: A military strategy where a nation molizes all of its resources, including its entire civilize population, to achieve complete victory in a conflict. Led to widespread destruction and high casualties, changing the nature of warfare.
Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, ultimately contributing to instability in Europe and setting the stage for future conflicts. Marked the official end of WWI.
League of Nations: An international orginization established after WWI, aimed of promoting international cooperation and preventing future conflicts by providing a forum for peacefully revolving disputes between countries. Represented the first major international orginization established after WWI with the goal of preventing future conflicts.
Reparations: Compensation, usually in the form of monetary payments that a defeated nation is forced to pay to the victorious countries after a war, meant to relieve war debts. Led to economic instability, resentment among the German population, and ultimately played a role in the rise of Nazi Germany and WWII.
Trench Warfare: A military strategy where opposing forces fight from deep trenches dug into the ground, providing protection and resulting in stalemates. Led to a brutal drawn out war with little territorial gain.
WWI Military technologies and machines: The new and advanced weapons and tech. used during WWI, including machine guns, tankes, airplanes, submarines, poison gas, heavy artillary, and barbed wire. Changed the nature of warfare, leading, to more casualties.
The Great Depression: A severe global economic downturn that began in the US in 1929 with the stock market crash. It represented a massive global economic crises that altered the political landscape.
The New Deal: a series of programs and policies enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the US during the Great Depression to provide economic relief. Marked a major shift in the role of the US gov in the economy.
New Economic Plan: A policy implemented by Vladimir Lenin in Soviet Union after the Russian Civil WAr allowing for a limited degree of private enterprise and market activity. Allowed for a temporary return to some private enterprise, shifting away from the extreme state control.
Five-Year Plan: A series of centralized economic plans implemented by the Soviet Union, aimed at rapidly industrializing the country. It is considered a key element in the Soviet Union’s rapid modernization and communist economic system.
Facism: A far-right political idealogy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian rule dictatorial power, suppression of opposition and the glorification of the state over individuals promoting miliarism and prioritizing national strength. it represents a political ideology that emerged after WWI.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI): The political party aimed to bring rematining leaders together to solve political problems. The political party that dominated Mexican politics in the 1900s.
Union of Soviet Socialists (USSR): A socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991 across Eastern Europe and Nothern Asia and was a communist government. It marked the first major communist state globally.
decolonization: The process by which colonies gained independence from their colonial powers. Altered the global political landscape by creating new nations.
Mandate System: A legal framework established where former territories of defeated empires were placed under temporary control of Allied powers. It represented a post-WWI attempt to manage former territories.
Zionism: A nationalist movement that wanted to have a Jewish state. Led to the state of Israel being formed in 1948.
Indian National Congress: A political party that led to a greater amount of Indian involvement in government. Provided a place for Indians to voice their concerns to the British government.
Mohandas Ghandi: A prominent Indian independence movement leader who prioritized nonviolent resistance. A tactic to sucessfully campaign against British forces.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The prominent leader in the movement for a seperate Muslim State. Was the founder and first Govener-General of Pakistan.
Jawaharlal Nehru: A key figure in the Indian independence movement. He played a major role in shaping India’s political landscape.
The Long March: A grueling march made by the Chinese communist party to escape Nationalist forces. Showed the resilliance of the Chinese communist party.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: A Japanese Propoganda campaign during WWII that aimed to resist Western Influence. Justified Japan’s military expansion and dominance.
Jomo Kenyatta: A Kenyan nationalist leader and the First President of Kenya. Played akey role in Kenya gaining Independence from Britain.
Weimar Republic: The democratic government established in Germany after WWI, from 1919 to 1933. Demonstrated fragility of democracy and paved the way for extremist ideologies like Nazism.
Sudetenland: A region in Czechoslovakia, primarily inhabited by ethnic Germans, annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. Flashpoint that led to Munich Agreement and appeasement of Hitler.
Anshluss: The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938. A key step in Hitler’s expansionist polocies and demonstrated failure of appeasement.
Munich Agreement: A 1938 settlement between Germany. Great britain, France, and Italy allowing Nazi Germany to annex Sudetenland. Symbolizing appeasement and failure of diplomacy to prevent WWII.
Allied Powers: The coalition of nations (US, UK, Soviet Union, and China) that opposed the Axis powers during WWII. Crucial in defeating Axis powers, shaping post-war relations, and the establishment of the United Nations.
Axis Powers: The alliance of nations (Germany, Italy, and Japan) that opposed the Allied powers. Led to global conflict and shift in international relations.
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact: A treaty signed August 1939 between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union promising mutual non-aggression and secretely dividing Europe into spheres of influence. Allowed Germany to invade Poland with no Soviet intervention.
Appeasement: A diplomatic strategy of making concessions to an aggresive power to avoid conflict. Failed to prevent WWII and viewed as a policy of weakness.
Lend-Lease Act: Allowed Us to supply war materials to Allied nations without formally entering the war. Ended US neutrality while still avoiding diect military involvement.
Siege of Leningrad: A military blockade undertaken by the Azis Powers against the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union. Key even resulting in 1.5 million deaths and a long lasting impact.
Battle of Stalingrad: A brutal, prolonged urban conflict between German and Soviet forces fofr control of the city of Stalingrad. Marked the beginning of Soviet Union’s push against Germany and halting the German advance.
Pearl Harbor: US naval base on Oahu, Hawaii known for surprise Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. Led to US formal entry into WWII.
Battle of El Alamein: A pivotal WWII engagement in North Africa where Allied forces defeated Axis forces led by Erwin Rommel. Turning point in WWII, halting Axis advance and boosting Allied morale.
Atlantic Charter: Joint declaration issued by US and Great Britain outlining shared goals for post-war (self-determination, economic cooperation and disarmament). INspired movements for independence and international cooperation.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Bombings here were pivotal events in WWII, marking the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare. Led to Japan’s surrender and the end of WWII.
Genocide: The deliberate and systematic desruction of a racia, ethnic, national, or religious group. Killed many due to extremist political ideologies.
Ethnic cleansing: Refers to systematic removal or extermination of particular ethnic or religious group from specific territory. Displaced and harmed many.
Holocuast: The systematic state-sponsored persecution and extermination of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi regime. Displaced and harmed many in cruel ways.
Final Solution: Nazi plan to eliminate Europe’s Jewish population. Resulted in murder of 6 million Jews.
Nuremberg Laws: two-race-based measures depriving Jews of rights designed by Hitler. Model for treatment and led to genocide.
Armenians and the Ottoman Empire: Armenian Genocide was the extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in WWI. Tragic period with great suffering.
Rwanda (Hutus and Tutsis): Rwandan Genocide was a mass slaughter of the Tutsi ethnic minority by the Hutu majority. One of the most notorious modern genocides.
International Criminal Court: An international tribunal establishment to investigate and prosecute individuals for the most serious of crimes. A significant step in international law and global governance.
Unit 8 Cold War and Decolonization (1900-present):
Tehran Conference: The first time the “Big Three” and agreed on a strategy to defeat Axis powers and a post-war world order. Highlighted underlying tensions between the Allied powers.
Yalta Conference: A meeting between the Allied leaders to discuss the post-war reorginization of Europe. Set the stage for the Cold War, established spheres of influence, and set the stage for future tensions.
Potsdam Conference: A meeting in 1945 between the “Big Three” to decide how to end WWII and establish post-war order in Europe. Solidified division of Germany into occupation zones and set the stage for emergence of ideologies tensions between the East and West.
Self-determination: The idea that groups of people should be able to decide their own political future. Signifies the right of naitons to govern themselves.
Military-industrial complex: The close relationship between a country’s military and the defense industry. Can lead to increased military spending and influence on foreign policy.
United Nations: An international organization whose primary goals are to maintan international peace and security, foster cooperation, and promote the well-being of people worldwide. Promoted global peace, cooperation and addressed global issues like decolonizatoin and human rights.
Containment: The US foreign policy strategy adopted during the Cold War aimed at preventing the expansion of communism. Shaped global politics and led to conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
Marshall Plan: US-led initiative launched in 1948 to rebuild war-torn Western European economies and prevent the spread of communism. Significantly aided Western European economic recovery, bolstering democratic stability adn countering Soviet Influence.
Non-aligned Movement: A group of states that chose not to formally align with either the Western bloc or the Eastern bloc. Founded the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation.
Mutual assured destruction: the military doctrine that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with a reatialtory nuclear attack, resulting in complete annihilation of both sides. Deterred any nation from initiating a nuclear conflict.
Proxy Wars (in Korea and Vietnam: A conflict where major powers support opposing sides in conflict, without directly engaging in military action themselves. Allowed large powers to exert influence and compete for global dominance.
Berlin Wall: A concrete barrier built in 1961 by East Germany to prevent citizens from fleeing to the West. A visual representation of the ideological divide between teh communist East and the capitalist West.
Domino Theory: Posits that if one nation falls to communism, neighboring countries will also succumb. Justifying US intervention to prevent communist expansion.
Bay of Pigs: An invastion that was a failed 1961 CIA-backed operation aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro’s communist Cuban government. A failed Cold War event that ultimately failed and stregthened Castro’s regime.
NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance created to defend against the Soviet Union. Significantly impacted US foreign policy and shaping international relations.
Warsaw Pact: A military alliance between teh Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Served as a counterweight to NATO and solidified the division of Europe.
SEATO: An international military alliance formed to prevent the spread of communism in SE Asia. A Cold War era regional defense pact aimed at preventing communist expansion.
CENTO: A Cold War military alliance formed to counter Soviet expansion in the Middle EAst. A Cold War military alliance intended to counter Soviet expansion in the Middle East.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation: efforts and policies aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and related tehnologies. Adresses the global threat of nuclear weapons proliferation.
Land Reform: A deliberate change in how agricultural land is owned, used, and cultivated. A crucial resource that impacted state formation, economic growth, social structures, and political stability.
Great Leap Forward: A social and economic campaign in China from 1958 to 1962 aimed to rapidly industrialize and collectivize agriculture. It resulted in widespread famine, economic collapse adn deaths.
Cultural Revolutions: A sociopolitical movement in China, launched by MAo Zedong aimed to preserve Chinese socialism by purging capitalist and traditional elements. Led to widespread disruption, purges of intellectuals, and a significant impact on Chinese society and politics.
White Revolution: A series of reforms in Iran aimed at modernizing Iran and promoting economic development. LEd to land reform, economic development, and social changes.
Indian National Cingress: A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. PRovided a platform for educated Indians to voice their concerns and seek political reforms under British rule.
Ho Chi Minh: A Vietnames revolutionary and politician who led the communist forces of North Vietnam. Became a key figure in post-WWII anti-colonial movement in Asia.
Kwame Nkrumah: A Ghanaian revolutionary and politician, the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana. Led country to independence from Britain and a prominent advocate for Pan-Africanism.
Examples of Negotiated Independence: India, Pakistan, Ghana, and many French W. AFrican states. Reflected post-WWII decline of imperialism and the rise of nationalism.
Examples of Independence through armed struggle: Algeria, Vietnam, and Angolia. Demonstrated the significant role of armed resistance in the decolonization process.
Muslim League: A political party in the Indian subcontinent that advocated for the rights and interests of Indian Muslims. BEcame the driving force behind teh demand for a seperate Muslim state, Pakistan.
Orginization of African Unity (OAU): A pan-African orginization aimed at promoting unity, cooperation, and solidarity among African states. Played a crucial role in African decolonization and post-colonial development.
Six Day War: A brief, bloody conflict between Israel and ARab states of Egypt, Syria, and Jrodan. A pivital moment in the broader Arab-Israeli conflict, impacting territorial control and national identities in the religion.
Khmer Rouge: A radical communist regime that ignited the Cambodian Genocide under Pol Pot. Resulted in mass atrocities and the deaths of many.
Palestinian Liberation Organization: Umbrella political organization representing the Palestinian people in their drive for a Palestinian state. Holds significant sway over the palestinian community.
Fatah: Political and military organization of Arab palestinians. Historically involved in armed struggle against the state of Israel.
Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islamist political organizaiotn that used terror tactics against Israel.
Chile under Augusto Pinochet: The period of military dictatorship in Chile following the overthrow of the government of Salvador Allende in a coup backed by US. Characterized by severe human rights abuses, economic reforms, and a lasting impact on Chilean society and regional politics.
Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet foreign policy asserting the Soviet Union’s right to intervene inEastern Bloc countries to maintain communist rule and spress reform. Severely limited reforms in Eastern Bloc coutnreis where socialist rule was percieved as threatened.
Irish Republican Army (IRA): A name used by various Irish republican paramilitary organizations that have sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland. Unified Ireland and played a significant role in the “Troubles” in Northern Ireland.
Shining Path: A maoist guerrilla group in Peru known for guerilla warefare tacticts aimed at overthrowing the Peruvian government. Gained notoriety for extreme violence, such as, bombings and assassinations.
Al-Qaeda: A pan-islamist terrorist group aimed to carry out a global jihad, named a terririst group by the UN. Played role in global rise of jihadism, 9/11 attacks, and the US-led war on terror, affecting international relations and global security.
Nelson Mandela in South Africa: A South African aniti-apartheid revolutionary and a political leader. A key figure in dismantaling of apartheid and the transition to a democratic multiracial South Africa.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT): A series of Cold WAr negotiations between teh US and Soviet Union aimed at limiting the number and types of nuclear weapons. Demonstrated shift from confrontation to negotiation between US and USSR.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): A proposed missile defence system announced by president Reagan to protect US from nuclear attack. Forced Soviet Union to respond with its own defence programs, straining their economy.
Glasnost: Policy in the Soviet Union to increase openness and transparency in gov institutions and activity. Pivitol policy taht led to end of Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union.
Perestroika: The economic and political reforms initiated by Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, aimed at addressing the country’s economic stagnation and political inefficiencies. Ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Detente: The relaxation of strained relations, particularly between the US and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War. Reduced tensions, shifted the Cold War strategy and reduced the threat of nuclear war.
Unit 9 Globalization (1900-Present):
Communcations (radio/internet): Revolutionary advancements in tech that enabled rapid and widespread disseminaiton of info, culture, and ideas. Played significant role in shaping global interactoins, cultural exchange, and rise of mass culture.
Green Revolution: A period of dramatic increases in food production, primarily in developing countries through new agricultural tech.. Resulted in increased crop yields due to wheat and rice, along with fertilizers and pesticides.
cross-breeding: Practice of mating different breeds or varieties of the same species to create offspring with enhanced traits. Played a role in improving food production and addressing agricultural challenges.
Genetic engineering: Direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotech to alter its characteristics. Led to more efficient and sustainable agriculture improved healthcare and raised ethical questions.
Human fertility rates: average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. Declined due to new technology lie birth control pills.
Pandemics: A global outbreak of a disease affecting poeple worldwide and causing a significan number of deaths. Demonstrate the interconnectedness of the world and the impact of disease on human populations, cultures, and societies.
1918 Spanish Flu: Global outbreak of H1NI virus that spread worldwide before and after WWI. Resulted in around 50 million deaths and affected war effort, social structures, and public health awareness.
Ebola: Infectious disease that is a hemorrhegic fever that can cause internal bleeding. Highlights challenges of global health in an interconnected world.
HIV/AIDS: Immuneodeficiency virus and syndrome caused by the exchange of bodily fluids. Shows how pandemics can lead to social and political upheaval.
Alzeimer’s Disease: progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the brain. Exemplifies impact of increased lifespans and aging populations on societies and economies.
Doctors Without Borders: Humanitarian organization that provides medical care to populations struggling. Ensure medical care not influenced by political and medical agendas.
Green Belt Movement: Kenyan organixation focused on empowering women to address deforestation and environmental degredation. Key role in combating deforestation and promoting sustainable development in Kenya.
Deforestation: Clearing of trees from a large area of forest land often for agricultural purposes. Major factor in climate change, soil erosion, and biodiversity.
Desertification: The process by which fertile land transforms into a desert-like state. Highlights consequences of human activities like unsustainable ag., deforestatoin, and climate change.