The Whiskey Rebellion
Event involving farmers in Western Pennsylvania who revolted against a new law taxing those who made alcohol from grain.
Quickly suppressed by President Washington utilizing 13,000 troops.
Known as the Whiskey Rebellion.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Proposed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Aimed to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts by asserting states' rights to reject federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
First Two Political Parties in the U.S.
Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.
Emerged from disputes in George Washington's cabinet, notably between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.
Washington's Farewell Address
Advised the nation to avoid:
Political parties
Foreign alliances and affairs
Washington's Foreign Policy
During the French Revolution and subsequent war between France and Great Britain, Washington recommended a neutral stance.
Importance of the Whiskey Rebellion
Highlighted the federal government's power and supremacy in enforcing laws.
Characteristics of Democratic-Republicans
Political party that favored:
States' rights
Limited federal government
Representation of the common man (farmers)
Support for France in foreign affairs.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Passed during John Adams' presidency.
Made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and prohibited slander against the government.
XYZ Affair
A diplomatic incident involving French attempts to bribe U.S. agents, causing public outrage.
Triggered the Quasi-War with France during Adams' presidency.
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan
Included initiatives to resolve post-Revolution debt:
Establishment of the National Bank
Collection of revenue through tariffs and excise taxes
Federal assumption of state debts
Promotion of domestic manufacturing.
Characteristics of Federalists
This early political party favored:
A strong central government
Support for businesses and manufacturing to foster economic stability
Pro-British foreign policy
Interests aligned with the North and urban areas
Support for tariffs and excise taxes, and a national bank
Loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Treaty of Greenville
Resulted from the defeat of Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Led to cession of most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan to the United States.
Jay's Treaty
A controversial treaty of 1794 between the U.S. and Britain.
Aimed at ensuring neutrality during the French and British war.
British evacuation of Northwest Territory forts was promised but did not stop attacks on U.S. ships.
Caused anger among Democratic-Republicans and the French.
Prelude to the War of 1812
Constant British interference in U.S. shipping and the impressment of American sailors led to rising tensions, ultimately resulting in the War of 1812.
Constitutional Issues
The Supreme Court did not declare the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional, as they were aligned with the Federalist Party's interests.
Convention of 1800
Treaty concluding the Quasi-War with France.
Restored peace and severed the military alliance established during the American Revolution.
Facilitated the Louisiana Purchase.
Protective Tariff
Definition: A tax imposed on imports designed to protect a nation's businesses and industries by making foreign goods more expensive.
Leadership of the Democratic-Republican Party
Key figures: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Economic Philosophies
Alexander Hamilton: Advocated a business-centered economy.
Thomas Jefferson: Promoted an agrarian society focused on farming.
Pinckney's Treaty
Treaty of 1795 between the U.S. and Spain.
Granted U.S. rights to navigate the Mississippi River and utilize New Orleans port, providing western farmers access to ocean trade.
Quasi-War with France
A secretive wartime engagement at sea after the XYZ Affair.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Final confrontation in which General Anthony Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy, leading to the Treaty of Greenville.
Characteristics of Hamilton's Federalist Party
Advocated for:
Strong federal governance
Favoring wealthy industrialists
Pro-business stances
Support for Britain
Urban interests
Emphasis on tariffs and excise taxes
Loose constitutional interpretation.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Established the Supreme Court with six justices and created lower federal courts.
Strict vs. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution
Strict interpretation: Government only has powers explicitly listed in the Constitution.
Loose interpretation: Government possesses implied powers based on the necessary and proper clause.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Law increasing federal courts and judges.
Known for President Adams' last-minute appointments of Federalist judges, termed 'Midnight Appointments'.
Judicial Review
Established in Marbury v. Madison case, affirming the Supreme Court's authority to interpret the Constitution.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Conflict where William Henry Harrison defeated Native American tribes led by Prophet, resulting in Tecumseh's alliance with British forces.
Impressment
The British practice of forcibly recruiting American sailors into their navy, a significant cause of the War of 1812.
Non-Intercourse Act
Legislation enacted after the failed Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Ultimately ineffective in revitalizing the U.S. economy.
Revolution of 1800
The peaceful transfer of power to Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans.
Goals of Lewis & Clark Expedition
Objectives included:
Mapping the newly acquired territory.
Finding an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean.
Strengthening relations with Native American tribes.
Documenting new flora and fauna.
Louisiana Purchase
Land acquired from France, doubling the territory of the United States and facilitating westward expansion.
War Hawks
Congressional members from the South and West advocating for conflict with Britain, perceived as driven by leaders like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
Major Causes of the War of 1812
Included:
British interference in American shipping
Impressment of American sailors
Pressures from war hawks in Congress
British support of armed Native Americans against U.S. expansion.
John Marshall's Influence
Chief Justice who solidified federal authority through significant rulings, including the introduction of judicial review.
Battle of the Thames
Victory led by General William Henry Harrison, crucial in weakening British influence in the Northwest by ending Native American opposition after Tecumseh's death.
Sacajawea
Shoshone Indian who assisted Lewis and Clark's expedition, serving as interpreter and mediator with Native tribes.
Tecumseh
Powerful Shawnee leader who resisted U.S. expansion into Native lands and allied with the British before his death in the Battle of the Thames.
Haitian Revolution
Slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue that influenced Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, leading to the establishment of the first independent black republic in the Americas.
Macon's Bill No. 2
Aimed at resuming trade with Britain and France, contingent upon the repeal of trade restrictions by either nation, leading to perceptions of weakness in U.S. foreign policy.
Chesapeake Affair
Incident involving British forces attacking an American ship, exacerbating tensions leading up to the Embargo Act of 1807.
Embargo Act (1807)
Legislation banning American exports in response to British and French mistreatment of U.S. shipping, resulting in economic turmoil.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 expressing grievances and threats of secession amidst the backdrop of American military success, effectively signaling the decline of the Federalist Party.
Tripolitan War
Conflict between the U.S. Navy and North African pirates during Jefferson's presidency, contrary to his principles of noninterventionist policy.