Organic Synthesis Map of Benzene and Aromatic Derivatives

Hydrogenation of Benzene

The conversion of Benzene to Cyclohexane is achieved through a hydrogenation reaction. This process requires the use of a Hydrogen gas and Nickel catalyst system, denoted as $H_2/Ni$. The reaction conditions must be maintained at a high temperature and high pressure to facilitate the saturation of the aromatic ring.

Nitration and Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds

Benzene undergoes nitration to form Nitrobenzene ($NO_2$). This reaction is an electrophilic substitution that requires a mixture of $HNO_3$ and $Hasoy$ (Catalyst). The temperature for this process is specified as $50-60\%$.

Following the formation of Nitrobenzene, the compound can be converted into Phenylamine ($NH_2$) through a reduction process. The reagents required for this transformation are $Sn/Ha$ followed by $NaOH$. The reaction mixture must be subjected to heat under reflux. A critical note regarding this synthesis path is that for aromatic nitro compounds, this specific combination of reagents is always used due to the selective reduction of the $NO_2$ group without hydrogenating the benzene ring itself.

Diazotisation and Azo Coupling Processes

Phenylamine serves as the precursor for Benzene diazonium chloride ($NENC$). This transformation is known as Diazotisation. It is carried out using $Na\,NO_2/HCL$ and must be performed under strictly controlled cold conditions between $0-10^\circ C$.

The resulting Benzene diazonium chloride can then undergo Azo Coupling, which is another form of electrophilic substitution. This reaction involves the addition of an Alkali and must also be maintained at a temperature of $0-10^\circ C$. The final product of this specific coupling sequence is Azobenzene.

Halogenation and Acylation of Benzene

Benzene can be transformed into Bromobenzene ($Br$) via electrophilic substitution. This requires the halogen $Brz$ and a catalyst $Febrs$. Unlike nitration, this reaction can proceed at Room temperature (RT).

Additionally, Benzene can be converted into an Alkylbenzene or a Phenyl alkyl Ketone. The map indicates that an Acyl Chloride is utilized in the synthesis of Phenyl alkyl Ketone. These processes fall under the broader category of electrophilic substitution reactions occurring on the aromatic ring.

Synthesis of Amides via Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

Phenylamine can react with an Acyl chloride to produce an Amide. The structure of the resulting Amide is represented with the linkage $-N-C-R$. This specific transformation is classified as a Nucleophilic Addition Elimination reaction. The conditions for this reaction involve mixing the Phenylamine and Acyl chloride at Room temperature.