Pakistan Studies University-Level Study Guide

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN AND INITIAL PROBLEMS

Understanding Ideology

• Etymology: The word "Ideology" comes from the Greek words "ideo" (idea) and "logos" (study/science), meaning the study of ideas.
• Definition: It is the collective thinking, beliefs, and values of a community. It reflects a nation's aspirations, ideals, and determination to achieve specific objectives.
• Ideology of Pakistan: Based on the Two-Nation Theory, which asserts that Muslims of the sub-continent are a distinct nation with their own religion, culture, and way of life.

Components of Pakistan's Ideology

• Islam: The foundational basis. Muslims wanted a state to implement Islamic principles for success in this life and the hereafter.
• Democracy: Aimed for a system where minority rights (religion, expression) are safeguarded and everyone is equal before the law.
• Social Justice and Equality: To foster a society based on fairness. Quaid-i-Azam emphasized Islam's teaching of equality and justice.
• Fundamental Human Rights: To protect life, property, and freedom of worship, which Muslims lacked in united India.

Historical Background of the Two-Nation Theory

• Early Arrival: Muslim traders and Sufis arrived in the 7th century. The first conquest was by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 A.D.
• Muslim Rule: Formally began in 1206 (Qutb-ud-din Aibak) and lasted until 1857. Muslims maintained a separate identity despite living with Hindus.
• British Raj Influence: The British arrival in the 17th century and the 1857 War of Independence shifted dynamics. The British held Muslims responsible for the war, leading to confiscated properties and lost jobs.
• The Aligarh Movement: Launched by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) to equip Muslims with modern Western education and reconcile with the British.
  • Educational Services: Established MAO High School (1875), which became a college in 1877 and university in 1920.
  • Political Services: He was the first to use the word "Nation" for Muslims. He advised Muslims to stay away from the Congress.

Establishment of All-India Muslim League (AIML)

• Founded: December 30, 1906, at Dacca. Sir Agha Khan was the first president.
• Causes:
  • Establishment of Congress (1885) and its neglect of Muslim rights.
  • Urdu-Hindi Controversy (1867).
  • Demand for Separate Electorates.
  • Partition of Bengal (1905): Muslims supported it; Hindus protested.
  • Success of Simla Deputation (1906).
• Lucknow Pact (1916): An agreement where Congress accepted Muslim demands for separate electorates and $1/3$ representation in the Central Assembly.

Major Movements and Reports

• Khilafat Movement (1918-1923): Launched to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. Led to the Hijrat Movement (failed migration to Afghanistan).
• Nehru Report (1928): Ignored Muslim demands, leading to Quaid-i-Azam's Fourteen Points (1929).
• Allahabad Address (1930): Allama Iqbal proposed a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state.
• Congress Ministries (1937–1939): Prejudicial rule against Muslims (Bande Mataram anthem, Wardha scheme). Resignation led to the "Day of Deliverance" (Dec 22, 1939).
• Lahore Resolution (1940): Formal demand for separate, sovereign independent states for Muslims.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN PAKISTAN

Era of the Founders (1947–1951)

• Quaid-i-Azam as Governor General:
  • Rehabilitated 6.5 million refugees.
  • Inaugurated State Bank of Pakistan (July 1, 1948).
  • Promoted "Unity, Faith, and Discipline" to combat provincialism.
• Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister:
  • Passed the Objectives Resolution (1949).
  • Assassinated in Rawalpindi (Oct 16, 1951).

Political Instability and Martial Law

• 1951–1958: Seven Prime Ministers were changed in 7 years due to bureaucratic interference.
• Ayub Khan Era (1958–1969):
  • Introduced Basic Democracy system.
  • 1962 Constitution established a Presidential form of government.
  • Major economic growth and construction of Warsak and Tarbela dams.
  • 1965 War with India and Tashkent Declaration.
• Yahya Khan Era (1969–1971):
  • 1970 Elections: Awami League won in East Pakistan; PPP won in West Pakistan.
  • 1971 War: Led to the dismemberment of East Pakistan (creation of Bangladesh).

Modern Political Eras

• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971–1977): Passed the 1973 Constitution (unanimous); started the nuclear program.
• Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988): Imposed Hadood Ordinance and Shariat Courts; Soviet-Afghan War involvement.
• Democratic Era (1988–1999): Power struggle between Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif; 1998 Nuclear tests.
• Musharraf Era (1999–2008): Joined the "War on Terror"; Local Government Ordinance.
• Recent Transitions: PPP (2008-13), PML-N (2013-18), PTI (2018-22), PDM/Coalition (2022-present).

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

Location and Strategic Significance

• Coordinates: Latitude $24.35^\circ N$ to $37.05^\circ N$; Longitude $61^\circ E$ to $78^\circ E$.
• Area: $796,096\,sq\,km$.
• Borders:
  • East: India ($2,912\,km$).
  • West: Iran ($909\,km$).
  • Northwest: Afghanistan ($2,252\,km$ - Durand Line).
  • Northeast: China ($600\,km$).
• Economic Impact: CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) links Kashgar to Gwadar Port.

Environmental Hazards

• Global Warming: Caused by greenhouse gases ($CO_2$, Methane, CFCs). Global temp risen $0.8^\circ C$ since 1880.
• Floods: Major floods in 2010 killed 1,000 and displaced 100,000. Causes include Monsoon rains, glacier melting, and deforestation.
• Earthquakes: Located at the intersection of Indian, Eurasian, and Arabian sea plates.
  • Quetta (1935): $7.7$ magnitude, 70,000 deaths.
  • Kashmir (2005): $7.6$ magnitude, 100,000 deaths.
• Water Resources: Earth's water is $2.5\%$ fresh and $97.5\%$ salt. In Pakistan, fresh water is polluted by industrial and agricultural waste.

RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Mineral Resources

• Metallic: Iron ore (Chiniot, Kalabagh), Copper/Gold (Saindak, Reko Diq), Chromite (Muslim Bagh).
• Non-Metallic: Gypsum (Khewra), Limestone (Salt Range), Marble (Khyber Agency), Rock Salt (Khewra).
• Energy:
  • Coal: Thar coalfield (175 billion tons reserves).
  • Natural Gas: Sui (Balochistan) is the largest field.

Energy Resources

• Renewable:
  • Hydroelectric: Tarbela, Mangla.
  • Solar: Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (Bahawalpur).
  • Wind: Jhampir (Sindh).
• Non-Renewable: Nuclear (KANUPP, Chashma), Fossil fuels.

Industry and Farming

• Principal Industries: Sugar (Punjab/Sindh), Cement (Punjab/KPK), Cotton (3rd largest exporter), Steel (Karachi).
• Livestock: Over 57 million cattle and 46 million buffaloes (2024 est). Animal husbandry provides meat, milk, and wool.
• Fishing: Coastline of approximately $1,050\,km$. Seafood exports worth $USD\,450\,million$ (2022-23). CPEC infrastructure (Gwadar Port) is boosting the sector.

CONSTITUTION AND RIGHTS

Salient Features of the 1973 Constitution

• System: Federal Parliamentary.
• Legislature: Bicameral (Parliament). National Assembly ($336$ seats); Senate ($96$ seats).
• Religion: Islam is the state religion. President and PM must be Muslim.
• Judiciary: Supreme Court (highest); High Courts in provinces.
• Amendments:
  • 2nd Amendment: Defined Muslim status.
  • 8th/13th Amendments: Shifted power between PM and President.
  • 18th Amendment (2010): Increased provincial autonomy.

Human Rights and Obligations

• UN Declaration (1948): Global standard for 30 fundamental rights.
• Child Rights: Pakistan's CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child) commitment. Focus on eradicating child labor.
• Women's Rights: Constitutional protection (Article 25 - equality). Acts passed for Protection against Harassment (2010) and Acid Crimes (2011).
• Duties of Citizens: Paying taxes, loyalty to the state, abiding by laws, and voting.

PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Foreign Policy Determinants

• Geography: Strategic location near major powers Russia and China.
• Security: Focus on Kashmir issue and defense.
• Ideology: Strong ties with OIC members (Saudi Arabia, Turkiye, Qatar).
• Economic: CPEC and trade with the EU ($GSP+$ status).

Relationships and Organizations

• SAARC: Founded 1985 to promote South Asian cooperation. Hampered by Pak-India tensions.
• SCO: Full member since 2017. Focus on counter-terrorism through RATS.
• IMF: Pakistan joined July 11, 1950. Frequent bailouts (23 times by 2024) to address fiscal deficits and inflation.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): UN 2030 agenda with 17 goals, including Goal 1 (No Poverty) and Goal 4 (Quality Education).