health movement science

Health and well-being

• Health: a state of physical, mental, and social well-being; dynamic and constantly changing.

• WHO: a United Nations specialized agency focused on global health.

Dimensions of health

• Physical: body functioning and capacity for daily activities; freedom from illness/injury.

• Social: ability to interact and feel belonging with others.

• Emotional: ability to think, feel, cope, adapt to challenges.

• Mental: use knowledge for decision making, reasoning, planning.

• Spiritual: sense of purpose/meaning; may involve beliefs, values.

Health continuum

• Four levels: from optimal health to very poor health.

Epidemiology (core concepts)

• Epidemiology: study of patterns, causes, and effects of health-related states/events in populations.

• Goals: prevent/control health problems; identify causes; describe health status; analyze health services use.

• Who uses epidemiology measures: health departments, governments, doctors, researchers, communities, NGOs.

• Key terms:

  • Incidence: number of new cases in a defined period.

  • Prevalence: number of existing cases at a point in time.

  • Mortality: number of deaths in a group/year.

  • Infant mortality: infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

  • Morbidity: sickness.

  • Life expectancy: average years a person is expected to live.

  • Leading causes of death (examples): lung cancer, stroke, COVID-19, dementia, cardiovascular disease.

Determinants, equity, and rights

• To achieve good health: opportunities to participate in health decisions; diversity-aware and inclusive.

• Equity: fair distribution of resources to reduce health inequalities.

• Example programs (Australia context from transcript): NID/Medicare and Parental Benefits Scheme support people with disabilities and those in need.

• Access to basics (clean water, food, healthcare) and telehealth in rural areas help bridge gaps.

• Health as a basic human right; social justice advocates for disadvantaged groups.

• Laws reflect health equity, protections, and rights (role of government; broader societal protections).

• Cultural influences: beliefs, dietary practices, traditional remedies affect health behaviors and care seeking.

• Affluence and social cohesion impact health outcomes; access to resources and supportive communities matter.

• Environment and political structures shape health (media, language, housing, transport, safety).

Global frameworks and health models

• World Health Organization (WHO): promotes health globally; UN agency.

• United Nations agencies: UNESCO (education, culture, science).

• Ottawa Charter (1986): framework for health promotion (personal skills, supportive environments, community action, healthy public policy).

• HealthLens: analyze policies/issues with a health-focused view.

• 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): non-poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, etc. (first seven listed in transcript: 1-7; others 8-17 complete set).

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander holistic approaches: interconnections between physical, social, emotional, mental, cultural, spiritual health.

• Models of health:

  • Biomedical model: diagnose/treat disease via biological malfunction.

  • Socio-cultural model: health shaped by social interactions and cultural context.

  • Ecological model: health results from interactions with environment.

anatomy and physiology (overview)

• Muscular system: skeletal (voluntary movement), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart).

• Cardiovascular system: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries; blood components (RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma).

• Respiratory system: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli; gas exchange; inspiration/expiration.

• Digestive system: 10 organs (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, etc.); roles include digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination.

• Endocrine system: hormone regulation, metabolism, growth.

• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves; CNS vs PNS; control and communication.

biomechanics and motion concepts

• Biomechanics: study of movement using physics.

• Linear motion: same distance, direction, and speed.

• Angular motion: movement around a circle.

• Velocity: rate of positional change; can be quantified as speed in a straight line.

• Acceleration: rate of change of velocity; $a= rac{v-u}{t}$

• Momentum: $p=mv$

• Center of gravity: balance point of an object.

• Base of support: edge boundary that supports the body on a surface.

• Newton's laws (basic):

  • 1st law (inertia): objects stay at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on.

  • 2nd law: force causes acceleration; momentum change proportional to force.

  • 3rd law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

• Fluid mechanics: behavior of gases/liquids; drag/resistance in motion.

energy systems and nutrition

• ATP: $ext{ATP}= ext{Adenosine triphosphate}$; main energy currency.

• Digestion yields glucose, amino acids, fatty acids.

• Aerobic energy system: uses oxygen; supports sustained activity.

• Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

• Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals (e.g., calcium, iron).

• Carbohydrate loading: increases muscle glycogen for endurance.

• Proteins: tissue repair, hormone function, nervous system support.

• Fats: essential energy; needed for fat-soluble vitamins.

• Vitamins/minerals: essential cofactors for metabolism and health.

exercise physiology and training concepts

• Aerobic training aims to improve the body's efficiency in using oxygen.

• Training types:

  • Continuous training: sustained activity without rest.

  • Aerobic interval: alternating high/low intensity with recovery.

  • HIT (High-Intensity Interval Training): short, intense bouts with rest.

  • SIT (Sprint Interval Training): very short, intense bursts used by some athletes.

  • Circuit training: endurance + resistance in a circuit.

• FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.

• Resting and active variables: resting heart rate (60–100 bpm typical); ventilation rate; stroke volume; cardiac output; lactate increases with intensity.

• Skill and performance factors: speed, endurance, flexibility, strength, body composition, power, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time.

skill acquisition and performance planning

• Stages of learning: Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous.

• Skills:

  • Gross vs fine.

  • Closed (stable environment) vs open (changing environment).

  • Self-paced vs externally paced.

• Practice types:

  • Mass practice vs distributed/practice distribution.

  • Whole (full skill) vs part (component first).

  • Blocked vs random practice.

• Performance elements: decision making, tactical awareness, strategic planning.

• Feedback:

  • Task-intrusive (intrinsic) vs extrinsic feedback.

  • Concurrent vs delayed feedback.

  • Knowledge of performance (how you performed) vs Knowledge of results (outcome).

motivation and social factors in sport

• Motivation types: positive, negative, intrinsic, extrinsic.

• Self-talk: positive internal dialogue to boost confidence.

• Social influences: family, peers shape attitudes toward activity.

• Personal characteristics: confidence, motivation, prior experience influence participation.

• Contemporary exercise and technology: wearables, group workouts, CrossFit, stand-up paddle boarding, outdoor fitness.

recap of key terms (quick reference)

• Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality, Infant mortality, Morbidity, Life expectancy.

• Center of gravity, Base of support, Net force, Momentum, Acceleration formula.

• ATP, Carbohydrate loading, VO2 not explicit here but linked to aerobic capacity.

• FITT, HIT, SIT, Mass vs distributed, Blocked vs random.

• Biomedical, Socio-cultural, Ecological health models.

• Ottawa Charter, HealthLens, SDGs.

• Major body systems: Muscular, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous.

1. Health for Individuals and Communities

Definition of Health

• WHO definition: Complete physical, mental, and social well-being (not just absence of disease).

Determinants of Health

1. Social Determinants – peer groups, family support, social inclusion/exclusion, communication.

2. Environmental Determinants – access to healthcare, geographic location, built environment (roads, parks).

3. Socioeconomic Determinants – income, education, occupation.

4. Biomedical Determinants – genetics, body composition, chronic illnesses.

5. Behavioural Determinants – diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking, risky behaviour.

Protective Factors for Young People

• Strong family and peer support

• Following safety rules (road, sport, home)

• Access to counselling, mental health support (Kids Helpline)

• Positive school/community environment

Key Health Issues for Young People

• Road Safety: High accident rates for 16–25-year-olds. Causes: speeding, mobile phone use, drink-driving. Protective factors: seatbelts, cameras, stricter laws, safe driving campaigns.

• Mental Health: Anxiety, depression, stress. Protective factors: therapy, supportive peers/family, coping strategies.

• Obesity & Physical Inactivity: Risk factors: poor diet, low activity, sedentary behaviour. Protective factors: exercise programs, school sports, healthy food access.

Health Promotion

• Purpose: Improve health outcomes, prevent illness, support community well-being.

• Strategies: Education programs, campaigns (e.g., Quitline), funding rural healthcare, community support initiatives.

• Examples: NSW Health programs, WHO campaigns, community exercise groups.

2. Body Systems & Movement

Muscular System

• Types of muscle fibres:

  • Slow-twitch (Type I): Endurance, long-duration activities

  • Fast-twitch (Type IIa/IIb): High-intensity, short bursts

• Muscle Contractions:

  • Isotonic: Muscle changes length (bicep curl)

  • Isometric: Muscle stays same length (plank)

Skeletal System

• Functions: Support, movement, protection of organs, stores minerals.

• Types of Joints:

  • Ball & Socket: Greatest range (shoulder, hip)

  • Hinge: Elbow, knee

  • Pivot: Neck

  • Gliding: Wrist/ankle

Interrelationship: Skeletal + Muscular

• Muscles attach to bones → contraction produces movement across joints.

• Bones provide structure; muscles provide force and control.

3. Energy Systems

• ATP is resynthesized differently depending on system used.

4. Skill Acquisition & Performance

Practice Methods

• Blocked Practice: Repeat same skill → good for beginners.

• Random Practice: Mix skills → improves adaptability.

• Observational/Video Analysis: Helps identify mistakes and correct technique.

Feedback

• Intrinsic: Feel or sense from within (how your body moves).

• Extrinsic: External feedback (coach, crowd, scoreboard).

• Delayed Feedback: Given after performance → less pressure, better analysis.

FITT Principle

• Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type → plan training programs.

5. Psychology & Performance

Motivation

• Intrinsic: Internal drive (enjoyment, personal challenge).

• Extrinsic: External rewards (medals, trophies, crowd).

Self-Regulation

• Managing thoughts, emotions, behaviours → improves confidence & performance.

• Example: Positive self-talk in a basketball game.

Communities of Exercise

• Influence participation & performance.

• Positive communities → motivate, support, encourage healthy behaviours.

• Negative communities → lower self-esteem, reduce engagement.

6. Road Safety (Applied Example)

Prevalence & Trends

• Highest risk: 16–25 years old

• Major causes: Speeding, mobile phone use, drink-driving

Social Determinants

• Peer influence, family support, social norms

Environmental Determinants

• Urban vs rural roads, traffic density, safety infrastructure

Protective Factors

• Seatbelts, obeying traffic rules, graduated licensing

Current Strategies

• Road safety campaigns, speed/dash cameras, school programs

New Strategy Example

• Car systems preventing starting unless seatbelts worn, BAC detection devices, mobile usage locks