Anatomy & Physiology Honors Semester 1 Final Study Guide 2

Page 1: Anatomy & Physiology Final Study Guide

Anatomical Planes

  • Three Anatomical Planes:

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right.

    • Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).

    • Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower).

Directional Terms

  • Eight Terms to Describe Direction:

    1. Superior

    2. Inferior

    3. Anterior (ventral)

    4. Posterior (dorsal)

    5. Medial

    6. Lateral

    7. Proximal

    8. Distal

Anatomical Position

  • Base Orientation: Anatomical Position - standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

Organ Systems

  • Eleven Organ Systems:

    1. Integumentary

    2. Skeletal

    3. Muscular

    4. Nervous

    5. Endocrine

    6. Cardiovascular

    7. Lymphatic

    8. Respiratory

    9. Digestive

    10. Urinary

    11. Reproductive

  • Major Functions of Each System:

    • Integumentary: Protection, temperature regulation.

    • Skeletal: Support, movement, protection.

    • Muscular: Movement.

    • Nervous: Control and communication.

    • Endocrine: Hormone production.

    • Cardiovascular: Transport of nutrients and waste.

    • Lymphatic: Immunity and fluid balance.

    • Respiratory: Gas exchange.

    • Digestive: Nutrient absorption.

    • Urinary: Waste elimination and electrolyte balance.

    • Reproductive: Reproduction.

  • Representative Organs in Each System:

    • Depends on the system discussed.

Body Organization

  • Five Levels of Body Organization:

    1. Chemical Level

    2. Cellular Level

    3. Tissue Level

    4. Organ Level

    5. Organ System Level

Body Cavities

  • Major Body Cavities:

    • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.

    • Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs.

    • Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains digestive organs and organs of reproduction.

  • Minor Body Cavities:

    • Oral Cavity: Mouth region.

    • Nasal Cavity: Nose region.

    • Orbital Cavity: Eyes region.

    • Middle Ear Cavity: Contains structures for hearing.

Stress and Homeostasis

  • Stress: Physiological response to challenging conditions.

  • Homeostasis: The state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

  • Feedback Mechanisms:

    • Negative Feedback: Response reduces effect of stimulus (e.g. body temperature regulation).

    • Positive Feedback: Response enhances effect of stimulus (e.g. childbirth).

Organelles and Their Functions

  • Organelle: Specialized structure within a cell with specific functions.

  • List of Organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes.

Page 2: Anatomy & Physiology Final Study Guide

Cellular Classification

  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote:

    • Prokaryote: Unicellular organism without a nucleus (e.g. bacteria).

    • Eukaryote: Organism with cells that have a nucleus (e.g. plants, animals).

Cell Cycle

  • Three Major Divisions of the Cell Cycle:

    1. Interphase

    2. Mitosis

    3. Cytokinesis

  • Mitosis Phases:

    • Prophase

    • Metaphase

    • Anaphase

    • Telophase

Protein Synthesis

  • Two Major Steps:

    1. Transcription

    2. Translation

  • mRNA: Messenger RNA, conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

  • tRNA: Transfer RNA, brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Processes of Protein Synthesis

  • Transcription:

    • Starting product: DNA

    • Ending product: mRNA

    • Detailed Process: DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA.

  • Translation:

    • Starting product: mRNA

    • Ending product: polypeptide chain (protein).

    • Detailed Process: Ribosome reads mRNA codons, tRNA brings corresponding amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain.

Transport Across Membrane

  • Two Major Categories: Passive Transport and Active Transport.

  • Energy Use: Passive transport does not use energy; active transport does.

  • Divisions of Non-Energy Transport:

    1. Diffusion

    2. Facilitated Diffusion

    3. Osmosis

Types of Concentration Transport

  • Three Subcategories:

    1. Simple Diffusion

    2. Facilitated Diffusion

    3. Osmosis - specific to the movement of water.