10th Grade Vocabulary Words and Global Studies

The Three Estates

• French society before 1789 was divided into three classes:
  • First Estate: Clergy (priests).
  • Second Estate: Nobles.
  • Third Estate: Commoners (largest estate).
    • Bourgeoisie (middle class) was the most influential group within the Third Estate.

Causes of the French Revolution

• Inequalities existed in Old Regime France.
  • Clergy and nobles were exempt from most taxes.
  • The bourgeoisie resented the privileges of the First and Second Estates.

National Assembly

• In 1789, Louis XVI's ministers sought to tax the nobles to address financial problems caused by expensive wars.
  • Nobles refused unless an Estates General (meeting of the three estates) was convened.
  • Third Estate representatives declared themselves a National Assembly during the Estates General.
  • Parisians seized the Bastille, a royal prison, to prevent the King from undermining the Assembly's power.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

• The National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
  • It asserted that the French government was based on the people's consent, not divine right.
  • Privileges of the clergy and nobles were abolished.
  • The slogan of the revolution became "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Brotherhood)".

Maximilien Robespierre

• Radicals gained control, fearing the King's attempts to restore absolute rule.
  • The Committee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre, initiated the Reign of Terror.
  • Suspected traitors were executed.
  • Many aspects of the Old Regime were rejected.
  • Ordinary citizens were armed to defend France against foreign invaders.

Significance of the French Revolution

• Challenged divine right and nobility privileges.
• Promoted democratic government and social equality.
• Shifted political power from the king and nobles to the bourgeoisie.
• Inspired revolutionaries, like the American Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• A talented general from the lower nobility supported the Revolution.
• He helped France defeat neighboring countries aiming to restore the King.
• Became a dictator in 1799.
• Conquered much of Europe.
• Defeated, and foreign powers restored the king’s power in France.

Napoleon’s Impact on France

• Code Napoleon: A law code consolidating the achievements of the Revolution (social equality, religious toleration, trial by jury).
• Weakened Spain – causing it to lose its colonies in Latin America

The Congress of Vienna

• European ministers and rulers met to redraw Europe's boundaries after Napoleon's defeat.
• Great Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria dominated the Congress.
• Prince Metternich of Austria aimed to establish a balance of power.
  • A system where major European powers had similar military strength, preventing any single power from dominating.

Nationalism

• Nationalism is the belief that each nationality/ethnic group has the right to its own government and homeland.
• The French Revolution helped spread nationalism.
• It encouraged the idea that government should be based on the will of the people.

Latin America’s Independence Movements

• By the late 18th century, Latin American colonists resented trade restrictions.
• Influenced by the American and French Revolutions.
• Napoleon's conquest of Spain allowed Latin Americans to govern themselves.
• After Napoleon's defeat, colonists refused to return to Spanish rule.

Toussaint L’ Ouverture

• Led an uprising of African slaves in Haiti in 1791.
• Forced the French to leave Haiti.
• Helped Haiti become the first independent Latin American colony.

Jose de San Martin

• Liberated Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule (1816-1818).
• A nationalist leader in Latin America.

Simon Bolivar

• A nationalist leader of Latin America.
• Defeated Spanish forces between 1819 and 1825.
• Liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Miguel Hidalgo

• A Catholic priest.
• Led a rebellion against Spanish rule in Mexico, which failed.
• Advocated for social reform.

The Monroe Doctrine

• The U.S. feared Spain might try to reconquer newly independent Latin American nations.
• President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine.
• It stated the U.S. would oppose any European attempts to conquer lands in the Americas.
  • Emphasized U.S. special interests in the Western Hemisphere.

Caudillo

• Few Latin American countries were democratic after independence.
• Most had dictatorships and unstable governments.
• Land and wealth were concentrated in few hands.
• Many countries were ruled by caudillos (powerful military leaders).

The Industrial Revolution

• Introduced factories, machines, and mass production in the 1750s.
• Wealth from colonies helped countries like Great Britain and France to industrialize.
• Harbors, rivers, and energy sources like coal supported industrialization.
• New inventions like the spinning jenny and Watt’s steam engine drove industrialization.

Changes Created By the Industrial Revolution

• Factory owners (capitalists) grew richer, while the working class (proletariat) became poorer.
• Early factories were dangerous and unsafe.
• Urbanization: People migrated from rural areas to cities.
• Many cities became crowded.
• Women and children received even lower wages than men.
• The first railroads emerged in the early 1800s due to steam engines.

Laissez-faire capitalism

• Minimal government interference in relations between workers and business owners.
• Merchants, bankers, and factory owners gained political power in industrial countries like Britain and France.
• The government did not interfere in the economy.
• "Let them (capitalists) do as they please.”

Unions

• The Industrial Revolution created problems for workers.
• Working conditions were unsafe, and wages were low.
• Workers organized into unions and threatened to strike.
  • Demanding safer conditions, better wages, and fewer hours.

Karl Marx

• Co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1848.
• His ideas became the basis of Communism (Marxism).
• He believed society was divided into the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers).
• He thought the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat by taking most of the wealth they produce.
• He advocated economic equality (abolition of classes).
• He advocated violent revolution and dictatorship.

The Unification of Italy

• Italy had consisted of separate states.
• Nationalists wanted a single country.
• Count Cavour, Prime Minister of one of the states, drove Austrians out of northern Italy in 1859.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the king of Naples in the south and united the land with Cavour’s territory.
• In 1860, Italy became a united kingdom.
• Cultural and economic divisions continued to separate the north and south, despite unification.

The Unification of Germany

• Germany had consisted of smaller states.
• Prussia, the largest German state, led the unification.
• Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, used "blood and iron" (diplomacy and military) to unify Germany in 1871.
• The Prussian king became Kaiser (emperor) of Germany.

Tsar Alexander II

• After Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War (1854-1856), Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs (peasants bound to their lords’ lands) in 1861.
• He was assassinated shortly afterwards ending hopes of further reforms to an end.

Russification

• The Russian government adopted a policy of Russification.
• Non-Russians were forced to adopt the Russian language, culture, and Orthodox Christian religion.
• Jews were attacked in state-organized riots called pogroms.

Reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire

• Ottoman Turkey became the "Sick Man of Europe” and began to decline in the 1700s.
• The Empire declined due to a failure to modernize.
• Nationalism grew and different nationalities of the Empire wanted independence.

Imperialism

• It is the political and economic control of one region or country by another.
• Nationalism led to European countries wanting to expand their territories (1870-1900).
• Resulted in a scramble for new colonies.

Reasons for Imperialism

• New technology (rifles, better medicines, telegraphs, and steamships) made it possible to penetrate the interiors of Africa and Asia.
• Acquiring land demonstrated a nation’s power, with European countries aiming to keep a balance of power.
• Many Europeans believed in Social Darwinism.

The Sepoy Rebellion

• A large number of British-trained Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, rebelled against British officers in 1857.
• The rebelled because they believed their bullet cartridges were greased with pork or beef fat which violated their religious beliefs.
• One effect of the mutiny was that the British government formally took over rule of India and abolished the company.

Impact of British Rule in India

• The British provided a single system of law, government, and a unifying language (English).
• The British built roads, bridges, railroads, and telegraph wires.
• The British treated the Indians as inferiors and exploited Indian workers.

The Scramble for Africa

• European countries competed for African colonies between 1870 and 1898.
• By 1890, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.
• Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy acquired territories in Africa.
• Imperial disputes were worked out at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) where the remainder of Africa was divided up in an organized manner.

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

• Europeans introduced modern transportation and communications as well as improved medicines.
• Negative effects: Europeans eroded African cultures, treated Africans as inferior, and exploited Africans/divided ethnic groups.

Opium War (1839-1842)

• The Chinese imperial government tried to stop the trade in opium.
• The British easily defeated the Chinese.
• The British established spheres of influence in China or areas under British economic control.

Commodore Perry

• In 1853, Commodore Perry was sent by the United States to stop Japanese mistreatment of shipwrecked sailors.
• Fearing the American military, the Japanese opened their ports to American trade.
• The isolationism of the Tokugawa period ended.

The Meiji Restoration

• After the Shogun was criticized for opening Japan to the West, the emperor was restored to power.
• Emperor Meiji decided to modernize and westernize Japan.
• Feudalism was abolished and the samurai lost power.
• A western-style army and navy were created.
• Universal compulsory education was introduced.
• Japan emerged as a military and industrial power.

The Open Door Policy

• By 1899, American leaders were afraid that they would be shut out of China’s profitable trade.
• The United States proposed that all nations should have equal trading rights in China.
• This “Open Door Policy” discouraged further dividing up of China among the Europeans.
• Japan’s creation of a sphere of influence in China led the United States to this decision.

The Boxer Rebellion

• Many Chinese were upset about the growing presence and influence of foreigners in China.
• The “Boxers” were Chinese who rebelled hoping to drive all foreigners out of China.
• Hundreds of foreigners were killed, and the Chinese government secretly supported them.
• An international police force crushed the rebellion.

The Young Turks

• The Ottoman ruler, Sultan Abdulhamid II, used brutality against opponents and Armenians.
• He ordered the massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey in 1894-1896.
• Young educated Turks, known as the Young Turks, demanded reform.
• Eventually, the Sultan was overthrown by part of the Ottoman army.
• A new Young Turk government encouraged industrialization, public education, and better treatment for women.

The Mexican Revolution of 1910

• It was a reaction against Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship that limited liberties.
• A wealthy liberal, Francisco Madero, led a revolt and established a government.
• Pancho Villa and other peasant leaders revolted and civil war followed.
• Land was redistributed.
• The Constitution of 1917 established public education, universal voting, and an 8-hour work day.

Sun Yat-sen

• In 1911, the Chinese emperor was forced to abdicate his throne when soldiers rebelled.
• China became a republic in 1912.
• Sun Yat-sen was a revolutionary leader.
• He gained control of the government in 1916.
• He advocated the Three Principles of the People:
  • Democracy: Representative government.
  • Nationalism: Freedom from foreign rule.
  • People’s Livelihood: Strengthen the economy and provide more economic opportunities for all people.

The Causes of World War I

• Nationalism, Imperialism, the Alliance System and Militarism were the causes of World War I.
• Nationalism: led to ethnic rivalries among the leading powers; ethnic rivalries within nations to create new nations (i.e. the Serbs under Austrian rule).
• Competition for African and Asian colonies furthered tensions.
• Germany and Austria-Hungary had an alliance. Russia, France, and Great Britain had another alliance.
• Militarism (glorification of the military) also increased tensions.

Francis Ferdinand

• In 1914, Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Slav nationalists.
• The Austrians blamed Serbia and invaded Serbia.
• This ignited the First World War.

World War I

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey became known as the Central Powers.
• Britain, France, and Russia were known as the Allies.
• New weapons such as the machine gun, poison gas, submarines, and airplanes were used. Soldiers dug themselves into trenches. Barbed wire was used.
• In 1917, American ships were attacked by Germany. The United States entered the war on the Allies’ side.
• In 1917, Russia dropped out of the war due to the Russian Revolution.
• By the end of 1918, the Central Powers surrendered.

The Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty of Versailles (1919) concluded the peace with Germany.
• Germany lost its navy.
• Germany’s army was reduced to the size of a small police force.
• Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war.
• Germany was required to pay huge reparations or payments for damages to the Allies.
• Germany lost its colonial territories.
• The League of Nations was created. It was an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors.
• The Austrian-Hungary Empire was divided in another treaty.

Kemal Ataturk

• Most of Ottoman Turkey’s former territories were placed under British and French rule.
• The Turkish leader, Kemal Ataturk, kept the rest of Turkey intact.
• He overthrew the Sultan and created a new Turkish republic.
• He forced a policy of radical reforms; made Turkey a modern and secular (non-religious) state.

The Russian Duma

• It was a legislative assembly created by Tsar Nicholas II.
• The Tsar granted limited reforms after Russia was defeated by Japan in 1904.
• Some students and workers wanted reforms.

The Bolsheviks

• The Bolsheviks were a Russian revolutionary group.
• After the Tsar abdicated and the Duma assumed power, the Bolsheviks revolted and seized power of the Russian government in 1917.
• The Bolsheviks were communists. They promised “Peace, Bread, and Land”.
• They changed the name of the country to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
• Russia became the first communist country and withdrew from the First World War.

Vladimir Lenin

• Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Russian Bolsheviks.
• He redistributed land, nationalized factories (factories became the property of the government), and brutally suppressed opponents.
• Peace, Land, and Bread

Joseph Stalin

• He established a totalitarian state.
  • Totalitarianism is a system of government where one-party controls all aspects of individual life.
• The Great Purge- Secret police to get rid of opponents
• Citizens were denied personal liberties; secret police, censorship, and terror were used to enforce government control.
• Stalin took private land away from peasants and created farms owned by the government or collectives. (Collective Farming)
• He introduced Five-Year Plans to industrialize Russia

Votes for Women

• Women in the United States, Great Britain, and many other countries gained the right to vote and enjoyed greater freedom than ever before.
• During the 1920s, economic prosperity brought new values.

The Great Depression

• In 1929, the stock market in New York crashed, starting a chain reaction that led to the Great Depression.
• The Great Depression was the most severe economic downturn in the history of industrial capitalism.
• Large numbers of businesses failed and many workers were unemployed over an extended period of time.
• As Europeans bought fewer goods from their colonies, It spread worldwide
• The problems created by the Great Depression led many people to look for new political parties to alleviate their troubles.

European Fascism

• Fascists were extreme nationalists and believed their nations were better than others.
• Fascists believed that a single all-powerful leader, like Mussolini or Hitler, should lead the nation.
• Fascists were militarists who glorified war and violence.
• Fascists believed that the strong should dominate the weak.

Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinists believed that stronger groups had the right to succeed and that weaker groups deserved to die out.
• Social Darwinists were racist, had contempt for other races, and believed in Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews).

The Weimar Republic

• The Weimar Republic was Germany’s new democratic republic after the Kaiser was forced to abdicate at the end of World War I.
• Many landowners, industrialists, and military leaders opposed the new republic.
• The opponents of the new republic were willing to support a single, strong leader rather than a representative republic of the common people.

Benito Mussolini

• He was the Fascist leader of Italy.
• He created a totalitarian state in Italy; used violence against opponents.
• In 1922, Mussolini became the first Fascist dictator of a European country.

Adolf Hitler

• During the Great Depression, more than one-third of the German work force lost jobs.
• Unemployed workers and the middle class turned to more radical solutions.
• Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party, the author of Mein Kampf, and became the Nazi dictator of Germany in 1933.
• He blamed the leaders of the Weimar Republic for Germany’s humiliation at Versailles.
• He believed that the Germans or “Aryans” were a superior race that should rule the world.
• He called the Jews the “evil race” and blamed them for Germany’s defeat in World War I and its problems. He was an Anti-Semite.

Hitler’s Dictatorship

• He called his government the Third Reich (“Third Empire”). Turned Germany into a totalitarian state.
• He arrested and executed opponents without trials. He closed rival political parties, unions, and independent newspapers.
• To secure full employment, he used public works projects like building highways and military rearmament.
• He persecuted Jews, striped them of citizenship, forced them to wear yellow stars, and forced them into special ghettoes and concentration camps.
• The Nazis killed six million Jews and gypsies, Slavs, political prisoners, elderly and mentally disabled people.

The Holocaust

• The Holocaust was the attempted genocide (murder of an entire ethnic group) of the Jews during World War II.
• Hitler called this genocide the “Final Solution”. Concentration camps were built at Auschwitz and other places where Jews from Nazi territories were sent.
• Most Jews were gassed and their bodies burned in large ovens.
• It is estimated that six million Jews, two-thirds of all Jews then living in Europe, met their deaths.
• The Holocaust was a violation of the human rights of the Jewish people. It was a tragedy.

The Causes of World War II

• Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding his armies.
  • The League of Nations did not stop Hitler because its members refused to take action.
  • This policy of appeasement (granting concessions to enemies to make peace) helped Hitler become more powerful.
• Hitler annexed (took) Austria in 1938 and then claimed Czechoslovakia.
  • The British Prime Minister, Chamberlain, continued to appease Hitler by agreeing to Hitler’s claim to western Czechoslovakia.
• When Hitler invaded Poland, Britain and France refused to give in and war was declared.
  • Hitler made a secret deal with Stalin to keep Russia out of the war.

Blitzkrieg

• The Germans used a military tactic known as blitzkrieg or “lightning warfare.”
• In this type of warfare, planes, tanks, and motorized troop carriers advance rapidly into enemy territory.

Hitler’s Invasion of the Soviet Union

• In 1941, Hitler betrayed Stalin and launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union.
• Stalin’s dictatorship had increased industrialization in the Soviet Union and helped make the Soviet Union a formidable (strong) country.
• The Soviet army began to gradually push the Germans back.

Pearl Harbor

• In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• By attacking the U.S. naval base, the Japanese had declared war on the United States.
• Hitler supported Japan.

The Axis Powers and the Allied Powers

• Germany, Italy, and Japan were the Axis Powers.
• Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States were the Allied Powers.
• In July 1943, Allied forces helped the Italians overthrow Mussolini.
• In June 1944, Allied troops invaded northern France on D-Day. By 1945, Allied troops occupied Germany, and Germany surrendered.
• Prior to World War II, Japan had defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) for control of Manchuria.
• During World War I, Japan had supported the Allies and received some of Germany’s territories in the Pacific.
• During World War II, Japan supported the Axis Powers and continued to conquer parts of China and East Asia.

Hiroshima

• After liberating many islands in the Pacific from Japanese control, the United States decided to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
• Nearly 200,000 Japanese were killed. The Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945.

U.S. Occupation of Japan

• In September, 1945, American General Douglas MacArthur accepted Japan’s unconditional surrender.
• MacArthur was assigned the task of rebuilding and reforming post-war Japan.
• Japanese leaders responsible for war crimes were punished.
• Japan lost its overseas empire/was demilitarized.
  • Could only have a “self-defense force.”
• Japan became a democracy; the emperor lost political power but remained a figurehead.
• Women received the right to vote.

Nuremberg Trials

• Hitler committed suicide. However, several of the most important Nazi leaders were tried and convicted for “crimes against humanity” by an international tribunal at Nuremberg.
• The Nuremberg Trials revealed the extent of Nazi atrocities.
  • The Nazis used slave labor, conducted medical experiments on humans, starved people and committed mass genocide.
• The Nuremberg trials established a new principle: “crimes against humanity.”

The Aftermath of the Second World War

• West Germany, Italy, and Japan were occupied and turned into democracies.
• East Germany became a communist nation under the influence of the Soviet Union.
• The United States and the Soviet Union became the world’s Superpowers.
• More than forty million people had died in the war and much destruction occurred in Europe, North Africa, and East Asia.

The United Nations

• The Allies created a new international peace-keeping organization in 1945 known as the United Nations.
• The purpose of the U.N. was to maintain peace in the world and encourage friendship and cooperation among nations.
• Members agreed to give up the use of force except in self-defense.
• The U.N. has tried to eliminate world hunger, disease, and ignorance.

Decolonization

• After World War II, European imperialism gradually came to an end in India, Indochina, Africa, and Indonesia.
• It was no longer popular to support imperialism after the defeat of the imperialist, fascists of the Second World War.
• Imperialism did not always end bloodlessly.

Mohandas Gandhi

• Mohandas Gandhi was the nonviolent leader of India’s independence movement.
  • India was the first major country to achieve independence after World War II.
• Gandhi encouraged Indians to:
  • Boycott British goods (take the profit out of imperialism).
  • Commit acts of civil disobedience (breaking unjust laws).
  • Make their own clothing (homespun goods).
• Gandhi criticized the treatment of untouchables.

The Salt March

• Mohandas Gandhi, nonviolent nationalist leader of India, led a Salt March to protest the British salt tax. He believed that the salt tax was unjust and as such, all just people had a responsibility to break the law and make their own salt.
• The Salt March was the beginning of the end for the British imperialists.
• By passively suffering the beatings and imprisonments, Indians demonstrated to the world the unjust nature of British imperialism in India.

The Partitioning of the Subcontinent

• In 1947, India achieved independence from the British.
• The British partitioned or divided India into two separate nations:
  • India for the Hindu majority.
  • Pakistan for the Muslim majority.
• Pakistan initially included two areas; east and west of British India.
• Eventually, East Pakistan became Bangladesh as the people of this region were culturally different from the west Pakistanis.
• Much rioting between Hindus and Muslims occurred at the beginning of the partitioning. There is still conflict between these two groups today.

The Philippines and Independence

• The United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946.
• After independence, dictatorships were common in this country.

Indonesia and Independence

• Indonesian leaders declared independence in 1945, but Dutch troops refused to leave.
• The Indonesian nationalists fought Dutch troops, and in 1949, the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence.
• It was difficult for the Dutch to leave Southeast Asia because of the profitable trade in spices.

Vietnam and Nationalist Struggles

• Ho Chi Minh, the nationalist leader of Vietnam, began a war for independence against the French in 1954.
• At an international conference, Vietnam was divided into two countries: North Vietnam, a communist state under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam, a pro-Western state.
• Eventually, American soldiers would fight in South Vietnam in an attempt to keep it from reuniting with the Communist north but their efforts failed.
• Today, Vietnam is a unified communist country.

Zionism

• In the 1890s, Theodor Herzl started a new movement called Zionism.
  • Zionists wanted the creation of a Jewish state.
• After the tragedy of the Holocaust, many Jews felt that they would only be safe in a Jewish state.
• When Jews began to return to their ancient homeland, conflict arose between the Palestinians and the Jews.

Kwame Nkrumah

• Kwame Nkrumah was the nationalist leader of the British colony known as the Gold Coast.
• Like Gandhi, he encouraged his supporters to boycott British goods.
• Eventually, the Gold Coast achieved independence in 1957. *The country changed its name to Ghana (after the great West African kingdom).
• Ghana was the first sub-Saharan (south of the Sahara) colony to win its independence.

Julius Nyerere

• Julius Nyerere was an African nationalist who led Tanzania to independence.
• He wanted to improve rural life, build a classless society, and create an independent economy.

Jomo Kenyatta

• Jomo Kenyatta was an African nationalist.
• He led Kenya’s independence struggle against the British.
• He concentrated on building a market economy and expanding businesses in Kenya.
• Kenya’s independence movement, like the former Belgian Congo, involved bloodshed and violence.

Egyptian Nationalism

• While the British had granted Egypt independence in 1922, it continued to control many aspects of Egyptian life.
• It was not until Egypt’s king was overthrown in the 1950s that Egypt became independent.
• French fought a bloody struggle in Algeria.
• Eventually, Algeria gained its independence in 1962.

The Cold War

• The Cold War was a global competition between the United States and the Soviet Union after the Second World War.
• The United States supported capitalism and democracy, while the Soviet Union supported the spread of communism.

Differences between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.

• USA: Citizens elect representatives and leaders. Soviets: Dictatorship.
• USA: Citizens have civil rights and liberties. Soviets: allowed citizens few rights.
• USA: People gain own property. Soviets: Abolished private property; government controlled all production.

“The Iron Curtain”

• In 1946, an “Iron Curtain” fell on Eastern European nations.
  • The Soviet Union controlled these countries and they became Soviet satellites (puppet states).
• The Soviets did this to create a safety zone around their country to protect it from future attacks.
• This alienated the United States and Western Europe.

The Truman Doctrine

• In 1947, President Truman of the USA offered to support all free peoples resisting Communism.
• His policy was a “containment policy” that tried to stop the spread of communism.

The Marshall Plan

• The Marshall Plan was designed to help Europeans recover from the devastating effects of World War II.
• The United States gave Western European nations billions of dollars to help them rebuild their own war-torn economies.
• The Marshall Plan helped to reduce the spread of communism.
  • As hunger and poverty were reduced, the appeal of communism faded in Western Europe.

The Berlin Airlift

• In 1948, the Western allies began to merge their zones of occupied Germany.
• The Soviets closed all highways and railroad links to Berlin (Berlin, divided by all four Allied powers, was in the Soviet zone of occupation).
• The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed and supply West Berlin.
• In 1949, the allied zones were formally merged into West Germany.
• The Soviets created East Germany.

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

• In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
  • The aim of the alliance was to protect Western Europe from Communist aggression.
• The Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, an alliance between the Eastern European satellites and the Soviet Union.

Chiang Kai-Shek

• He was the Nationalist leader of China who defeated the warlords and battled the Chinese Communists.
• His government was corrupt and failed to improve the lives of the Chinese peasants.

Mao Zedong

• He was the Communist leader of China.
• He was forced to retreat by the Nationalists in the Long March.
• However, he and his soldiers recovered and won the support of the Chinese peasants.
• Since the majority of Chinese were peasants, he was able to eventually defeat the Nationalists in 1949.

The “Two Chinas”

• In 1949, China became a communist country, led by Mao Zedong.
• Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist leaders retreated to the island of Taiwan.
• Therefore, there were “two Chinas;” a Communist China and a Nationalist China in Taiwan.

Maoism

• Mao was a follower of Marx (the founder of Communism) and Lenin (the first Soviet dictator).
  • However, Mao modified communism, emphasizing the role of the peasant over the worker.
• Mao believed that revolution could begin in the countryside among rural peasants.
• Maoism was popular in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Changes Under Mao

• Mao abolished private property and killed many landowners, factory-owners, and wealthier peasants.
• All education and media were controlled by the Communist party to re-educate the Chinese in Maoist thought.
• Ancestor worship, the mistreatment of women, and Confucianism were outlawed.

The Cult of Mao

• Mao became a god-like figure whose pictures were displayed throughout China.
• His sayings were published in The Quotations of Chairman Mao.
• Communist Party members and students were expected to memorize his sayings.

The Korean War

• North Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.
• In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea.
• The United States and other members of the United Nations intervened and drove the Communists out of the South.
• Led by General MacArthur, the U.N. forces invaded North Korea.
  • MacArthur wanted to invade China, but President Truman refused and MacArthur was relieved of his command.
• In 1953, the war ended with the same boundary line as before the war.

Nikita Krushchev

• In 1953, Stalin died. Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet dictator, and tried to rid themselves of Stalin’s memory who criticized Stalin for his brutality in killing millions of Soviet citizens.
• Some Eastern Europeans mistakenly believed that Krushchev would allow greater freedoms, but he did not.
• He even ordered the Berlin Wall built.

Fidel Castro

• In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew a dictatorship in Cuba and turned Cuba into the first communist