Topic 3 Lecture Slides

Economic Anthropology: Study of how humans produce, circulate, and consume goods within various societies.
- Formalist Approach: Economic rationality defined as utility-maximization under scarcity.
- Substantivist Approach: Economic interactions focus on relationships and environmental interactions to meet needs.
- Political Economy: Examines economic practices within historical and power contexts.
- Moral Economy: Looks at ethical implications of economic relationships.
Key References:
- Karl Polanyi (1944), Marshall Sahlins (1972), Chris Hann & Keith Hart (2011), James Carrier (ed. 2012), Stephen Gudeman (2015)

Mode of Subsistence: Strategies to obtain food and necessities.
- Types include:
  - Foraging (Hunter-Gatherer)
  - Pastoralism
  - Horticulture
  - Agriculture
  - Industrial
  - Post-Industrial
Emphasis on technology and environmental relationships (e.g., terraced rice paddies, industrial production).

Mode of Production: Social relations through which labor is used to extract energy from nature using tools and skills.
- Types:
  - Domestic (Kin-Based)
  - Tributary
  - Capitalist
Focus on social-political relations of production (e.g., class dynamics).
Key Examples: Reeve and serfs (England, c. 1310), Ford assembly line (USA, 1913), Baka family (Cameroon, 2021).

Mode of Exchange: Methods for transferring and distributing goods and services.
- Types:
  - Market (Commodity)
  - Redistributive
  - Reciprocal (or Gift)
Forms of Reciprocity include Generalized, Balanced, and Negative.
Key Examples: Potlatch in Kwakwaka’wakw culture, Coles Supermarket, American Christmas gift-giving.

Gift Exchange: Functions as both a social logic and form of economic organization.
- Concepts:
  - Gift increase involves reciprocal giving to enhance wealth.
  - "Spirit of the gift" (Mauss) emphasizes social relationships tied to giving.
  - "Keeping-While-Giving" (Weiner) examines relationships established through gifts.
Key References: Marcel Mauss (1925), Annette Weiner (1992), Karen Sykes (2005)

Contrasts Between Gifts and Commodities:
- Gifts: Inalienable and establish qualitative relationships.
- Commodities: Alienable and establish quantitative relationships.
Coexistence of moral and market economies in both domestic and public spheres.
Significant Works: Chris Gregory (1982), James Carrier (1995).

Functions of Money: Medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, political symbol.
Differences between general-purpose and special-purpose money.
Considerations on how money affects social relationships and identities.
Important References: Jonathan Perry & Maurice Bloch (1989), Bill Maurer (2006).

Connection Between Economic and Cultural Value: Examines how value is constructed and contested in social contexts.
Important Theories:
- Value as judgments of worth (Appadurai).
- Value as invisible chains linking things and people (Gregory).
- Value represents personal significance (Graeber).
Key Works: Appadurai (1986), Gregory (1997), Graeber (2001).

Kawelka Competitive Gift Exchange:
- Moka signifies communal and competitive statuses among Big Men.
- Involves kinship dynamics, mobilizing debts and obligations.
Impact of cash economy on traditional practices (e.g., asbin).
Explore gender roles and the cultural significance of crops in ceremonies.