AP world all Chart

Example and Date

Causes

Effects

Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution

10000 B.C.E. - 3000 B.C.E

• Figuring out how to domesticate plants and animals

• Fertile river valleys 

• Certain climates

• Farming

• Permanent settled civilizations

• The basis for cities and empires

• Larger food supply (surplus)

• Job specialization

• New technologies(ex metallurgy)

• Patriarchy 

• Class structures

• No more hunter-gatherer lifestyles

Collapse of the Gupta

55 C.E.

• The Gupta fell to invasions from the White Huns 

• The Huns were attracted to their wealth from the Gupta golden age

• Gupta didn’t have a strong military 

• Chaos and fighting in India

• India remained divided for several centuries after(N. India and S.India)

1st and 2nd Warring States Periods

475 BCE - 221 BCE

230 CE - 202 CE

• Both were caused by a dynasty falling with no clear successor to take their place

• They were periods of constant war and fighting between regional kings in China

• Fighting over the mandate of heaven

• New ideas of government and schools of thought (Daosim, Confucianism, Legalism)

• Caused change in both the ruling dynasty and prominent school of thought

• 2nd warring states Buddhism gained popularity in the chaos

Fall of Rome

476 CE

• Germanic tribe invasions caused by movement and raids of the White Huns across Central Asia

• Decline in morals, military and too much to manage

• Diocletian dividing up Rome > decentralized 

• inflation

• Dark age in Western Europe

• Feudal Manors arose

• People flocked to Liege Lords for land and protection

• Collapse of gov. and trade routes

• No interaction between manors!

Islamic Caliphate and Dynastic Periods

632 CE

• Muhammad’s death caused questioning over who would rule

• Shia vs. Sunni

• Divided/fractured

• Rise of Islam religion 

• Quran in Arabic > uniting power

• Jihad- The spread and defense of Islam

• Trade with other regions

• Battle of Tours (Islam tries to spread into Spain, but fails)

• Golden age

• Islamic merchants + IOB trade

Crusades

1096 - 1291 CE

• “Holy War”

• Muslims control Palestine and threaten Constantinople

• Byzantine call for help

• Could “wash away sins”

• Pope wants to reunite Christendom

• Italian city-states want commercial power

• Knights want land, riches, and adventure

• Power of local monarchs increase because they fought with the people instead of sending them to die

• Age of exploration

• Hatred between religions

• Trade increases/Commercial Revolution

• Weakened Byzantine empire 

• Italian city-states gain power

• Popes power declines

Pax Mongolica

1206 - 1368 CE

• “Mongol Peace”

• The mongols protected and kept order in the areas they conquered and on the silk road creating a period of peace

• Fostered trade as roads were safer for merchants to travel on 

• Interaction, innovation and the black plague

• Cultural Diffusion

• Silk road more prominent 

Renaissance

1301 - 1600 CE

• Pax Mongolica provided a time of peace for Europe to recover from the dark ages 

• “Rebirth” of classical Greek and Roman culture

• Crusades sparked European interest in the rest of the world

• Wealth in europe

• Europe gains more power/develops more

• Europe begins to participate in the larger world again

• Age of Exploration

Reformation and Counter Reformation

16th century

• Church is corrupt

• Clergymen trying to gain land/power for themselves

• Threatening excommunication for anyone who disagrees with them

• Dominicans and Francesans

• Loss of faith in the Church

• Church tries to regain power with the Crusades/imperialism 

• Protestant Reformation

Shift in European trade from Mediterranean/IOB to Atlantic Ocean

• Portuguese slave trade

• Maritime tech gets better

• Looking for new ways to get to Asia 

• Renaissance increased travel, trade and curiosity in the world

• Europe spreading christianity and looking for wealth

• Colonization of the Americas

• Increase in slave trade

• Cultural Diffusion

• Columbian exchange

• Massive rise in world pop.

• Certain countries gain power and influence

Location

Feature

Effect on culture/history

Africa

Sahara Desert

Coastline

Climate belts

Isolated sub-saharan Africa making it take longer to develop - Natural Barrier

Smooth - no natural harbors, isolation, no maritime tech/trade with other areas for a while

Many different habitats - many diverse ways of living/cultures, made it harder to unify and was the reason there was such a large emphasis on family clans. The savannah caused slash and burn agriculture while the rainforests were too dense to farm in 

Greece

Mediterranean Climate/ Balkan Peninsula/ Coastline

High mountains

Rugged coastline - perfect for natural harbors

Mild climate - good for crops and trade

Balkan Peninsula - central location in the mediterranean, good for trade

Isolated groups of people - created city-states

Rocky soil - limited amounts and types of crops could be grown, limited resources in general

Japan

Mountains

Limited Resources

Ring of Fire/Archipelago

Isolated groups of people making it take longer to unify and creating several equally powerful feudal-like families

Created more fighting between families and forced people to learn to use what they had

Violent seismic activity - led to belief of violent, angry gods who wanted to punish them, made it harder to build a society- led to archpegilos forming

South Pacific/Oceania

Ring of Fire

Violent seismic activity and hotspots/volcanoes formed a ton of small, rocky islands with no fertile soil or resources leading to very little development for several years.

Also caused wayfaring lifestyle because of need to find new resources

Islands were also very isolated

S-E Asia

Strait of Melaka

Monsoons

Choke-point - originally a hub for pirates but became an area where rulers could profit off of people passing through

Took a while to figure out for trading/sailing purposes, devastated crops-faster water development/ utilizing water/ value in water

Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China

Major River Valleys

Egypt - Nile - Overflowed a lot leaving fertile silt on its shores that was good for agriculture, because it was so easy to irrigate, it took longer for political organization

Meso - Tigris and Euphrates - Very violent, fast-moving, constantly overflowed, led to the belief of angry gods that wanted to punish them and faster political organization , Fertile Crescent, no natural barriers means constant invasions, few natural resources caused more resourcefulness and trade

India- Indus River- calmer, allowed for civilization, the river was kind of predictable and more calm than the others, no protection from the monsoons, Monsoons created a need for large scale irrigation and city planning, collapsed in 1900 BCE because of how overworked it was

China - Huang He (Yellow River)- Lots of fertile silt (Loess) for agriculture, lots of natural barriers making them isolated, unpredictable flooding- quicker to organize. Also used Yangtze river

Russia 

The Western Steppe/Location

Siberia

Far north making them isolated from the thriving economy of Afro-Eurasia

Made it hard to make it to a warm water port for year-round trade

Big chunk of flat land

Cold, making agriculture and trade hard

India

Monsoons

Himalayas

Originally made it really hard to farm and sail, but later, the people learned how to harness the wings for trading and they made them stay in one place for longer creating more cultural diffusion

Faster water development in India

Isolated them but also protected them from certain attacks and he Black Plague because they were hard to cross

A natural barrier

Hindu Kush was the passage though

Korea

Peninsula

Kind of isolated, but also made them the perfect area for cultural diffusion into Japan and trade with Japan and Oceania

“Land bridge”

They gave Japan the idea to centralize and are the reason they didn’t use a confucian scholar-gentry 

South America

Climate Belts

Andes

Created rainforests and other diverse habitats making very diverse ways of life

Also made it harder for the spanish to conquer because of constantly changing environment

Mountanus

Isolated Inca from Aztec and prevented trade and cultural diffusion between the two

Also led to the Inca’s unique system of conquering

Natural Barrier

China

Mountains

Isolation and protection

DIfferences between different parts of china (ex: different foods and lifestyles)

Legalism

Han feizi

“Dog on a Leash”

secular

China

Conquest (didn’t really spread)

Used by emperor Qin Shi Huangdi

• Very centralized gov.

• Punishments are best way to strengthen the state

• People are naturally evil so they need to be restricted and controlled 

• Success in war = greatness

• No education

People under legalist rule were constantly punished making them angry and ready to rebel

Caused a lot of death

Anti-thinkers 

Anti-education 

Hinduism

The Vedas

The Upanishad 

secular

India

Trade, missionaries, conquest? 

• Caste system (helps reinforce gov.)

• 1 god in many forms

• You follow your Dharma (role), your karma is good, you move up a caste in your next life

• If your karma is bad, you move down a varna

• Goal is to eventually reunite is Brahma (Moksha)

• Samsara ( “The wheel” not good to be a part of)

• Polytheistic

• Religious cults 

Helps the upper castes keep control of the lower castes

Made lower castes do their job without complaint

Reinforced caste systems 

Could reincarnate for a better life

Buddhism/Zen Buddhism

Siddhartha (the buddha)

Eightfold path

4 noble truths

Tripitaka - sacred texts created by followers of the buddha, describes his life and teachings

non-secular

Buddhism - India

Trade, missionaries, Ashoka’s edicts

Zen Buddhism- 

Influx of Mahayana Buddhism during 2nd  warring states period, it was popularized among Daoists, leads to Zen Buddhism (combo) 

• Ahimsa- anti fighting 

• Reincarnation

• 4 noble truths

• Meditation

• Enlightenment to break cycle and achieve Nirvana (can be done in 1 lifetime)

• Against family structure (besides zen buddhism)

• Find the middle road between pleasure and suffering

• Eliminate desire

• Zen Buddhism uses meditation masters, beauty, art, aesthetics

More people followed it than hinduism because it was less extreme and promoted opportunity for equality

Lower classes like it because it didn’t enforce caste system

Selflessness

Zen Buddhism seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation

Shintoism

Non-secular

Yamato family makes it secular later

Kijiji, Nikong, Yengishiki, Collections of 10,000 Leaves 

Japan

Stayed in japan because it was completely based off of the geography of the region

• Gods based off forces of nature

• Shrines in places of beauty

• Gods were very angry and destructive

• Spirits in objects

• Fearful respect of nature

• Nature spirits (kami)

• Loyalty to Emperor, State, Family

They lived in constant fear of the havoc their gods would wreak and so constantly worshiped them

Allowed for buddhism to be easily accepted

Animism

non-secular

Many places, found in africa

• All living things have souls

• Polytheistic

• Nature based 

• Familial influence

• Sought advice from gods through Shaman

• Magic and charms

Importance in nature for cultures that practiced this

Jainism

Vanarama Mahavira- wants to escape samsara

Tributaka

Jina - monk?

non-secular

Classical India

Stayed in india

• Ahimsa - non-violence to living things

• Everything has a soul that suffers and is set free by good deeds(purify the soul)

• Ascetic 

• Seek salvation

Has appeal because it doesn’t follow the caste system, but too impractical to follow

Allowed for people to escape the caste system

Manichaeism

Mani

*NOT IMPORTANT

Southwest Asia

Spread to Rome

• Asceticism

• Rational explanations for good and evil

• Achieve salvation

Blended together the ideas from christianity, Buddhism, and zoroastrianism which further spread these beliers 

Why christian monks or monasteries even became a thing

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra

Avesta- holy scriptures and laws

Gathas-hymns/prayers

Magi-holy leaders

Persia

Spread to India and China

Later monotheistic religions were based off of it

• 1st monotheistic religion

• Salvation

• Dualism

• Heaven and hell 

Ethical living

Received a bad reputation under the sasinids

Popularized through social classes

Polytheism/paganism

Egypt, Mesopotamia, Maya, Greece, Mongolia, Early Rome, Aztec, Inca…

• Multiple gods

• Greek pantheon(huh? Isn’t this a piece of architecture or am i having an illiterate moment?- G )

• Usually based on nature and crops

Certain civilizations like the (later)Roman empire and Roman catholic church  persecuted pagans and they were often seen as barbarians

Caused earlier monotheists to be persecuted 

Golden Age

Achievements

Significance

Achaemenid Persia

558-486 BCE

• Imperial spies(eyes and ears of the king)

• Satrapies

• Quants

• Diversity

• Persian Royal Road

• Language translators

• Standardized coin

• Pastoral - Imperial

• Largest empire of their time

• Courier service

• Architecture

• Persepolis(capital)

• Religious tolerance

• Proved that an empire can be large, diverse, tolerant and successful

• Created a new way of governing

• Normalized religious tolerance 

• Synthresm 

Periclean Athens

461-429 BCE

• Philosophy: The Socratic Method, Theory of Forms and Ideas, socrates, aristotle, plato

• Art(Sculptures, plays)

• Literature(illiad, odyssey)

• Science

• Architecture(pantheon)

• Direct Democracy,Athenian assembly

• Delian League

• Drama (greek theater, also supported by cult of dionysus who was the god of the theater)

• Education

• The first democracy

• Greek sculptures and art influences renaissance 

• Greek architecture influenced Byzantine

• Greek philosophers and theater influences countless other civilizations 

Hellenistic Empire

323-31 BCE

• Art: Humanism

• Cultural Diffusion(blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian ideas)

• Libraries

• Math

• Science

• Temples

• Patrons of the arts (wealthy merchants)

• Panhellenic festivals

• Architecture

• Irrigation systems

• Astronomy

• The Hellenistic empire was one of the biggest of its time and brought about trade and cultural diffusion on a larger scale than ever seen before

• Lots of new achievements 

• Patrons of the arts

• Greek ideas spread through trade and movement towards science and away from mythology

• Most diverse empire of its time

Gupta India

220 BCE - 320 CE 

• Medicine: preventing disease, surgery, printed medicinal guides, lots of healing plants and diseases classified, vaccines

• Literature: Poems, Kama Sutra

• Math: decimal system, concept of 0, pi

• Banks and loans

• Hinduism revival(pop culture)

• Astronomy: Solar calendar, earth is round, heliocentric model of solar system

• Elected leaders in “council system”

• Human Anatomy and Geometry/math

• Gupta rule provided the strong gov. Needed for a golden age that brought about some of the most important achievements seen so far, some of which are still used today

• Became a center of learning and an area of valuable goods

• Knowledge of math and science passed to Islamic community

Pax Romana

27 BCE-180 CE

• “Roman Peace”

• Commercialized agriculture

• Mare Nostrum

• Professional military

• Architecture: Arches, domes, colosseum, baths, Aqueducts

• Strong economy

• Civil service

• Facilitated trade and cultural diffusion throughout the mediterranean

• Increased communication and wealth in area of roman empire

• If it hadn’t been for the byzantine empire and islamic community, classical knowledge would have been lost

Islamic Golden Age (Umayyad and Abbasid)

(mostly abbasid)

600-1300 CE?

786-809?

• Jihad - Spread and defense of Islam

• Unification of the dar al islam

• Improved roads for trade

• Jizya tax for those who didn’t adopt Islam

• Ulama and qadis

• Banks (sakk), entrepreneurs, business, long distance trade

• Baghdad was a center of the arts and learning

• Postal system

• These two dynasties followed jihad to create most of the dar al islam and paved the way for relations between regions

• IOB trade increased

• Islamic merchants were empowered and were everywhere 

• People traveled to islamic empires to learn

• Umayyad grew the realm and the golden age was mostly abbasid

Tang and Song Dynasties

618 -1279 CE

• Reunification in China following the 2nd Warring States period

• Tributary states

• Compulsory jobs

• Watercolor art (landscape paintings)

• Sculpture - Buddha sculptures, porecelen, pagodas

• Canals

• Trade

• Equal field system

• Architecture : palaces

• Champa rice farming, fast ripening rice 

• Silk road brings new religions

• water wheels and pumps,

• terracing farming 

• Alchemy

• woodblock printing

• Paper money, credit(capitalism)

• Junk ships and compass

• Gun power

• Poetry: focused upon religion, philosophy

• All of the achievements during this period increased china’s land and allowed it to develop the tech for maritime trade in the IOB

• Improved china's economy and patrons of the arts

• Gunpowder!!!

• Junk ships provide designs for European caravels

• Allows for European colonies/exploration/imperialism

Renaissance

1400s CE

• “Rebirth” of classical Greek and Rome art and interests

• Showcased some of the ridicule of the Church

• Beginnings of protestant reformation

• Art

• Literature

• Architecture

• Realism

• Humanism

• Da vinchi, Machalachi, Artsmyths, Shakespeare

• Art changed from being focused on heaven and life after death to focusing on the present

• Northern Renaissance - Protestant reformation/church reform/focused on the working man, most of the literature

• Southern Renaissance - Focus on the present

• Age of exploration

• Italian port cities gain wealth

Classical Maya

200 - 800 CE

• Calendars, farming and ritual

• Ball game

• Many gods, polytheistic

• Architecture: temples, pyramids

• System of writing

• Tribute

• Math

• City-states

• Human sacrifice/bloodletting rituals 

• Warfare tactics 

• Was an ancestor civilization and greatly influence all that came after them in the Americas as they were isolated and there was no influence from other civilizations in Afro-Eurasia

• A basis for future civilizations in mesoamerica 

Inca

1250-1532 CE

• Suspension bridges

• Central govt

• Unified language

• Mita system

• Terrace farming

• Waru Waru

• Relocation of conquering people

• Garrisons/storehouses

• Incan roads

• Quipu (records system)

• Cuzco - capital 

• Many different tactics allowed them to build a large empire with surplus food and keep control of it all

• Some of their structures are still standing today

• Incan culture flourished 

Example

Places Practiced

Main Features

Role of citizen/Role of gov.

Theocracy

Byzantine Empire, Ancient Egypt, India, Aztecs, Maya

• Head of state is also head of religion

• Religion is secular, Gov. is non-secular

• Gov: seen as having divine right and is in charge of protecting and expanding both the empire and the religion

• Citizens are supposed to follow the gov. and religion.

Oligarchy

Early Athens, some greek city-states(sparta)

• The aristocracy (land-holding elite) gain power and take control

• Only aristocrats have power

• Gov.: supposed to provide for the people and take care of everything

• Citizens are supposed to follow the gov. and do their jobs, no representation

Direct Democracy

Later Athens!

• Individual rights and gov. Participation

• Everyone has a responsibility to take part in the gov.

• Everyone who can vote, votes on everything

• Citizens can directly propose laws (citizens only included males w/ land)

• Gov: Makes reforms, supports the people, is the people who can vote

• Citizens: Some can vote, they do their jobs, those who can’t vote just have to go along with the decisions of those who can. Citizens have a direct role in gov

Republic

Roman Republic 

Briefly in england after english civil war

• Individuals elect representatives to voice their needs

• Different councils

• No absolute power or hereditary succession

• Only citizens can vote

• Gov: Representatives are responsible for helping and representing the citizens who voted for them

• Citizens are expected to vote on people who will solve their issues, serve on councils, and do their jobs

Empire/ Imperialism

Persia, China, European kingdoms, Rome, Byzantine, Abbasid, Aechimid, Gupta, Umayyad, Mongols

• 1 ruler that conquers a ton of regions and places them under his rule

• Very centralized 

• Act of building an empire

• Gov: responsible for ruling the conquered people and continuing to expand the empire

• Citizens are responsible for trading, and doing their jobs to help in the military and achieve new things

Absolutism/ Divine Right

Dynastic Cycle

China, Catholic Church, France, HRE, Spain, Russia, pre-magna carta england 

China,

• The ruler has the right to rule by god or a bigger power and has absolute power

• The ruler is always right

• They cycle of different dynasties coming to power

• In China, the citizens can take away the right to rule by taking away the mandate of heaven if the ruler isn’t doing their job

• The gov controls a lot 

• The gov is responsible for helping the people and the people are supposed to do their job and follow the gov.

• In china the people can take away the mandate of heaven and somewhat control the dynastic cycle

Feudalism

Medieval Europe, Japan, Zhou(China), 

• Everyone lives in isolated groups under feudal lords

• Little interaction between manors

• Several lords warring against each other for power and land

• Self-sufficient lands owned by lords

• Land = Power

• Lords provide people with land/ shelter/ protection in exchange for service or military allegiance

• A valued fighting class (Knights and Samurai)

Example

Places Practiced

Causes for creation and Major Aspects

Effects

Hammurabi’s Code

1754 BCE

Mesopotamia

• First codified body of law

• Caused by the need for some way to keep order amongst groups of people

• “Eye for an eye”

• Showed gender roles of mesopotamia> patriarchy 

• Helped keep order and prevent crime

• Influenced many other codes of laws

• Sets a precedent of having a code of law 

12 Tables

451 BCE

Roman Republic

• Written as an attempt to quell tension

• All men are equal in the face of the law

• Rights to develop a defense against an accuser

• Innocent until proven guilty

• Dealt with adding citizens to roman empire 

• Legislature 

• It becomes the basis for western law

• Reduced tensions between plebeians and patricians

• Allowed plebeians to run for gov positions

• Sets a precedent that all men are equal before the law

Justinian’s Code

529 CE

Byzantine Empire

• Written in Greek but based on the 12 tables, preserved Greco-Roman culture

• Made by Justinian 

• Established strength and authority in byzantine 

• Sets a precedent: Became a model for future codes of law and Western Civilization

• Preserved both greek and roman ideas of justice

Magna Carta

1215 CE

England

• English King, John, lost a lot of land and was overcharging taxes leading the archbishop and nobles to force him to sign it

• Nobles have certain rights and the King must obey the law

• The king does not have absolute power/not above the laws they enforce

• Limited Monarchy

• Led to the creation of Parliament to help enforce it

• First time a king is forced to do anything

• Took away kings divine rights

• Took away power from church and more power to the people

Edict of Milan

313 CE

Rome

• Constantine passed it when he converted to Christianity (First Christian Emperor)

• Christians must be treated fairly and have freedom to worship

• Helped make christianity more popular in Rome and eventually led to it being adopted as the state religion in 380 CE

• Led to large grow in the power of the Church and surge in converts

• Religious Tolerance/ free practice

Sharia Law

Dar al Islam

• this secularize islam

• State law and religious law combined

• Guidance on proper behavior

• Was flexible to fit already standing cultural traditions in different societies

• Cultural Unity

• Promoted islamic values

• Provided a code of law for developing states, helping them centralize

• Ibn Battuta 

• Spread + unified Islam

• Precedent: Non-secular states

95 Thesis

1517 CE

Europe

• Document that spoke out against 

the Roman Catholic Church

• Written by Martin Luther

• Against indulgences, relics and church in general. 

• Bible is the only source of faith and truth, no point to clergy, they aren’t trustworthy 

• Basically 95 things that martin luther hates about the RCC

• Helped the Protestant Reformation

• Calls church out

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 CE

South America

Between Spain and Portugal

• Spain and Portugal were arguing over land in South America so Pope Alexander created the line of demarcation across it 

• After it was shown to be unfair, it wasn’t change because “The pope is never wrong”

• Reduced fighting between the powers

• Greatly affected language spoken in Southern America today

• Emphasized European ethnocentrism and imperialism 

• Sets a precedent that the pope has immense power in dictating land “playing mom and dad”

English Bill of Rights

1689 CE

England

• Established Parliament as a separate branch of gov

• No taxes without Parliament's approval (Power of the Purse)

• Every English citizen is entitled to basic rights and freedoms

• A monarchy with limited power

• Secured democratic elections in Parliament

• Brought England even closer to a Limited Monarchy

• Began the idea of checks and balances

• Rights for citizens 

• First constitutional monarchy

System

Where and When was it practiced?

What do we produce? How do we distribute it? To whom do we distribute it?

Positives

Negatives

Subsistence

Ancient times all over the globe

Right before Rome collapsed

• Only producing enough to cover a population’s needs

• No distribution of goods between communities, only within one community

• Satisfies the basic needs of society/ no surplus for economy

• Self- Sufficient Communities

• Little to no competition 

• Cheap goods

• No surplus, so if something goes wrong, people will starve

• Limited diversity in the diet and productivity

• No bigger economy or cultural diffusion 

Barter

All across Afro-Eurasia before currency was established, Ancient Times

• Trading of goods and services for other goods and services

• No standard currency

• People didn’t have to rely on /trust a gov. To make currency worth something

• Allows for negotiation 

• Hard to determine what is fair as things have different value for different people

• disorganization/no set values 

Agricultural Revolution

12,000 years ago in river valleys across the globe, started in Mesopotamia

• The beginning of domestication of plants and animals

• Settlements become permanent

• Not a lot of trade, only within one community

• Farming > more food > population increasing 

• New tech

• More surplus food

• Population growth

• Job specialization\

• Social classes

• Govts 

• Easier to survive 

• Destroyed previously egalitarian way of life

• Patriarchy begins

• “Haves and Have nots”

Manorialism

Medieval/feudal Europe and Japan

(much more restrictive in europe) and russia kind of but not really

• Focused on self sufficiency

• Produced food and basic products, whatever they could

• No trade beyond manors

• Based on agriculture

• Allowed Europeans to survive in the face of Viking invasions

• Allowed people to use their skills to make the manors self-sufficient

• Allowed unique cultures to develop independently(vernacular languages)

• No trade/merchant class

• Isolation

• No achievements

• Serfs treated like slaves

Commercial Revolution

High middle ages

Europe/post crusades  1450-1800?

• Lots of trade across Eurasia

• Port cities gain wealth (venice, genoa)

• Craft guilds are formed to regulate prices and quality

• Hanseatic League is formed to help northern states take part in trade

• Joint stock companies such as VOC and BEIC 

• Restart of trade after end of feudalism

• Wealth

• Sets Europe up for Renaissance 

• Religious tensions/ intolerance

• European Imperialism 

Capitalism

Rome, Greece, Joint-Stock Companies(BEIC, VOC), Renaissance,

Italian city-states post crusades,

Post-classical IOB/China

Anywhere where businesses were looking to make money

• Property is privately owned and managed

• Individuals set prices and profit off them

• Focused on making money

• Gov not involved in all sales, mostly private companies

• Customer freedom

• More profit, efficient, freedom

• Unreliable growth

• Political influence

• Chance of inequality

• Corruption

• Unregulated wages

• Chance of monopolies 

Mercantilism

Americas, Age of Imperialism

• Focused on increasing a countries wealth as a whole

• Global trade oriented

• Increase exports, reduce imports

• Example of capitalism

• Mother country profiting over colony 

• Increased wealth of the mother country

• Protection from foreign competition

• Less reliance on foreign goods

• Doesn’t matter whether citizens are fed, living well or surviving as long as a profit is generated

System

Visual

Unique parts/ Context

Ancient Theocratic Social Class Systems

(ie: Egypt)

• Head of state is also head of religion

• Religion is secular while state is non-secular

• In Egypt it was patriarchal, but women could still own property and even become regents for Pharaohs 

European Feudalism

800s - 1200s

• Everyone owed allegiance to the Liege Lord in exchange for protection

• Serfs provide food for the manor

• Knights provide protection

• Land was currency

• Flourished because of Europe's lack of centralization and viking invasions 

• Marriage used to gain land AKA power

Japanese Feudalism

1100s - 1800s

• Everyone owed military allegiance to the level above them

• Military based

• Different noble families held power at different times, constant fighting for power

• Emperor held no power, was a religious figurehead

• Samurai believed in death before dishonor, Bushido code

Catholic Church Hierarchy

600s and on

• Secular authority in Medieval Europe due to lack of central gov.

• Mimicked the state relationships

• Lots of power wars between pope and regional kings in Europe

• Pope rules over church, bishops ruled over priests and priests were in charge of local churches 

• Papal Authority - popes could excommunicate people (AKA stop them from getting to heaven). It also provided order in feudal times

Hindu Social Classes

Developed 1500 BCE

• Very strict, no changing castes

• At first, meant to separate Aryans from Dravidians

• Very secular

• Helps control the lower castes

• Bottom two castes were the Dravidians

• Enforced by Hinduism 

• Women are supposed to be honored, but can’t do much (“ a woman does not deserve independence”)

Confucian Social Classes

• Song - Merchants were on the bottom because they were seen as greedy

• Education is extremely important / highly valued

• Scholar-gentry on top

• Developed a solution to the Warring States Period

• Gave commoners a chance to rise up

• Silla Dynasty - Corrupt, actually controlled by the rich aristocrats, reason Japan didn’t adopt scholar-gentry

• Civil service system- a merit based way for people to become educated and move up in social classes

• Patriarchal because of confucianism and foot binding 

Aztec Social Classes

1300 - 1521 CE

• Theocracy

• Semi-democratic ( only nobles could vote)

• Groups of families ruled provinces and kept locals from revolting

• Polygamy, women helped increase labor and profit

• Less patriarchal than other empires

• Human sacrifice gave those who were sacrificed honor

• Military was valued 

Incan Social Classes

1438 - 1572 CE

• Relocated those that they conquered 

• They utilized regional noble families to keep control over the mountains

• Mita System- compulsory labor/ jobs assigned to you by the gov

• No private ownership which took away conquered peoples power

• Bureaucracy

Example

Causes

Positives

Negatives

Aryan Invasions

• Possible want for land, resources, to be by water (Indus River Valley)

• They were following herds/ nomadic lifestyle

• To spread their influence

• They spread more advanced technology where they travel

• Cultural diffusion

• Hinduism/vedas

• They conquered the civilizations that they ran into and forced them under their rule(Dravidians)

• Caste system

Oceanic Migrations

• Doubled Hulled Canoes

• Knowledge of navigation using parts of the sky(wayfaring)

• Need for resources, each island didn’t have enough to support a large population(population pressures)

• Spread of cultivation + domestication 

• Yams, taro, chickens, sugar cane, bamboo, banana, coconut, pig, dog, rat

• They were very isolated and the aborigines didn’t even learn to domesticate

• Led to them being less developed than the rest of the world, making it so that later, when they were no longer isolated, they were easy to take advantage of by countries with superior tech.

Bantu Migrations

• Slash and burn agriculture(arid climate prevented settled agriculture)

• Nomadic lifestyle

• Climate belts made it harder for them to unify

• Oral traditions spread

• Spread of iron metallurgy and matriarchy  

• Lots of cultural influence over other clans in Africa

• Sorghum, yams, millet

• The family clan is very important

• No writing system so oral traditions altered

• No permanent settlements/ consistent food source

Silk Road

• Asian goods were values and exotic

• Han dynasty was heavily invested in silk road(became their downfall)

• Wealth for China and everyone who participated in it

• Spread of Ideas and technologies

• Cultural Diffusion 

• Bubonic plague and other epidemics 

• Fall of the Han(and other countries that invested too much in it)

Hellenistic Empire

• Conquests of Alexander the Great

• Panhellenic games

• Alexandra 

• A golden age

• Greek culture spread

• The Selecuidads treated the Persians badly

Jewish Diaspora

• Jews were kicked out of Rome

• Zealot Rebellions 

• Monotheistic Values

• The jewish wars

• Cultural diffusion

• Most Jews travel to and settle north in Eastern Europe

• Jewish people displaced thought out many areas/ nowhere to go

Byzantine Empire

• Constanoples wealth

• Bosporus strait(Chokepoint)

• Constantine breaking from Roman Empire

• Influenced Slavic peoples

• Blended Greek and Roman architecture (Greco-Roman) 

• None? 

Umayyad and Abbasid Empires

• Islam empowers merchants

• Jihad

• Spread the equality of Islam

• Trade and Cultural Diffusion 

• Conflicts with christians (battle of the tours, crusades)

IOB

• Junks

• Dhows

• Lateen Sails

• Compass

• Taking advantage of monsoon winds

• Valuable goods in se asia

• Wealth in se asia and india

• Spread of islam and buddhism

• Spread of ideas and goods

• Syncretism-blending of cultures

• Europeans wanted this wealth so badly that it partly sparked european imperialism 

Tributary States (Vietnam, Korea)

• China was way more powerful than korea and vietnam 

• China military expansion

• Chinese ideas spread to Korea and Vietnam (confucianism, civil service system)

• China gained wealth

• Economic stress on Korea and Vietnam

Germanic/ Viking Invasions

• Fragile state of Europe

• Feudalism

• Roman Catholic Church kept power

• Vikings get stuff??

• No development in Europe/ complete mess

• No merchant class

Crusades

• Islamic control of the Holy Land

• Oppertunitity for people who had been living in manors

• Byzantine called pope for help 

• End of Feudalism

• Wealth and power for Europe

• Age of Exploration 

• Power to European monarchs 

• Commercial revolution (joint stock companies)

• Renaissance

• Hatred between Christians and Muslims

• European Imperialism 

Mongol Rule

• Horse riding skills

• Military tactics and bows

• Gengiss Khan uniting the mongol tribes

• Pax Mongolia

• Silk road and merchants thriving

• Bubonic plague

• Native chinese people at bottom of social classes

Columbian Exchange

• Maritime technology (Volta de Mar, Caravels, Compass)

• Christopher Columbus

• European exploration

• More foods in Eastern hemisphere diets so population increases

• Global diffusion

• Americas become a center of profit

• Global population booms

• European diseases kill many Native Americans

Invention

Where invented? Who invented?

Positive

Negatives

Gunpowder

Chinese, spread by mongols

• Mongol expansion > pax mongolia 

• Helped expansion and conquering in general

• Easier for people to be killed

Paper

Chinese, Han dynasty

105 BCE

• Easier to spread knowledge 

• Decrease in amount of trees and  stuff

• People learn how to read and write and then they learn and question stuff

Woodblock Print

Chinese

• More education, literacy and knowledge

• Bad for govs because educated people question the government 

Astrolabe

Hellenistic empires

• Many advancements in astronomy

• Takes a lot of time and money to build

Lateen Sails/ Dhows and Junks

India

• IOB trade 

• Harnessed monsoon winds

• Cultural Diffusion 

• Takes away some wealth from countries in Asia

• Leaves certain countries “out of the mix”

Magnetic Compass/ Junk Ship

Chinese

• Chinese get involved in IOB trade

• Easier to long distance maritime travel

• Takes away some wealth from countries in Asia

• Leaves certain countries “out of the mix”

Irrigation/ Terrace Farming

Incan, Maya

• Allowed for farming on slopes/mountains 

• Controlled rainwaters in the correct amounts to keep crops alive

• Lots of labor needed to build

Aqueducts/ Quants

Classical civilizations/ Persia/Rome

• (Persia)- underground canals that allowed them to get water in their dry climate

• (Rome)-used to transport water to the cities, allowed for plumbing

• Took lots of labor (slaves? Compulsonary?) to build

Architecture (Ziggurat, Coliseum, Parthenon, Great Wall of China, Pagoda, Romanesque, Gothic, Temple of the Sun)

Ziggurat- Sumarian City-States

• Defense 

• Religious purpose 

• Symbolism 

• Organization 

• Anthropology/archaeological value 

• Took lots of labor (slaves? Compulsonary?) to build

Royal Road, Roman Roads, Incan Roads

Classical civilizations and later 

• Trade, communication, centralization, cultural diffusion

• Takes resources to build

• Spread diseases

English LongBow

English

• Beat up french in 100 years war

• Established england as powerful 

• Can kill people

Caravels and Manila Galleons

Spanish

• Spanish + European wealth

• Technology to get to Americas and IOB

• Lots of silver could be transported

• Slave trade

• Treat Native Americans poorly

• Imperialism 

• Affected world currency exchange

Quipu

Incan

• Kept all types of numerical records 

• No written language

Chinampas

Aztecs

• Allowed for fertile soil

• Quick and productive farming 

• Allowed the city in the middle of the lake to have food

• Easily drained by spanish (fall of aztecs)

Example

Majority or Those in Power

Minority or Those Not in Power

Treatment of Minority

Medieval Anti-Semitism

Roman Catholics

Jews

• Scapegoats for Bubonic plague so they were often killed, blamed and executed

Women in Traditional and Classical China

Men, wealth women were also above peasant women, they could afford to have their feet bound

Women

• Foot Binding 

• No economic or political power

• Seen as subservient

• “Beautiful flower, meant to be seen not heard”

Systems of Patriarchy (use examples)

Men

Women

They didn’t have as much power or ability to do things. For example, in Ancient Egypt, women could still hold property, but in some places like Sumeria and China, women were treated as commodities, couldn’t participate in the gov and were veiled

Women  mostly had no political or economic power

Crusades/ Spanish Inquisition/ Reconquista

Roman Catholic Chtistians

Muslims

• Run out of Spain or killed

Buddhism in post-Han China

Buddhists

Confucists 

• Mostly discredited because of the fall of the Han dynasty being attributed to confucianism

Matriarchal societies in early Africa

Council of Elders, women

Men

• Men weren’t seen as important as women because they couldn’t bear children

Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi and his people

Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi

Chinese people/ laborers

• Forced to do extensive labor (build terracotta warriors, roads, great wall of china)

• Had books burned

• Very restrictive and controlling government 

• Thousands of people were killed

Islamic Empire

Muslims/ Merchants

Non-muslims 

• Jixya tax given to people who didn’t convert to muslims