AP World History - Units 1-8

Unit Skills: Comparison

  • Comparison of political and social aspects in Unit 1.

  • Comparison of economic and environmental aspects in Unit 2.

  • Exam weighting is Unit 1/2.

Unit 1/2

  • Unit 2 focuses on trade routes, cultural and environmental impact of trade, and the role of states in trade.

  • Unit 1 focuses on the creation of states, governance, power claims, and cultural spread.

Unit 1.1 East Asia

  • The Song Dynasty (960-1279) used Neo-Confucian values to justify rule.

  • Chinese culture spread to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

  • New innovations changed the Chinese economy.

  • Examples include Chinese script in Heian Era Japan, Mahayana Buddhism in Korea and Japan, filial piety, Mandate of Heaven, civil service exam, construction of the Grand Canal, and Champa Rice from Southeast Asia.

Unit 1.2 Dar al-Islam

  • Islam spread via Sufis and merchants.

  • Rulers of Turkic states used Islam to justify their rule.

  • Dar al-Islam's creation led to the spread of inventions and ideas.

  • Examples include Mameluke Sultans in Egypt, Delhi Sultans in South Asia, Seljuk Sultans in Anatolia, the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the Translation Movement (Spain), and Hindi numerals from South Asia.

  • Additional examples include Sufis in South and Central Asia and Muslim Merchants in West Africa.

Unit 1.3 South and Southeast Asia

  • Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism influenced South and Southeast Asian societies.

  • South and Southeast Asian leaders utilized Hinduism and Buddhism to justify their rule.

  • South and Southeast Asian leaders taxed and controlled trade.

  • Examples include the Hampi Complex, Angkor Wat, popularity of Theraveda Buddhism, popularity of Bakhti Poetry, Majapahit, Srivijaya, Sukhothai, and Khmer Kingdoms.

Unit 1.4 The Americas

  • Leaders in the Americas used cultural practices to justify their rule.

  • Leaders in the Americas used various institutions to organize their states.

  • Examples include the Mexica (Aztecs) utilizing tribute lists, Mayan City States building complex irrigation systems, and the Inca utilizing Quipu and building a complex road network.

  • Additional examples include Incan Leaders connected to the Sun God Initi and Cahokia Leaders buried in large mounds after death.

Unit 1.5 Africa

  • Leaders in Africa utilized a variety of methods, both economic and cultural, to justify their rule.

  • Examples include Ethiopian Rulers utilizing Orthodox Christianity, Great Zimbabwe rulers relying on the Gold Trade, and Hausa States and Mali Rulers utilizing profits from the Trans-Saharan trade and Islam.

Unit 1.6 Europe

  • Europe lacked large centralized states, leading to feudalism and serfdom.

  • Christianity was the religion of the region and used to justify rule; interactions with Jews and Muslims led to innovations.

  • The Translation Movement in Spain/Crusades resulted in technology transfers like the Astrolabe.

  • Examples include the Holy Roman Empire and Wat Tyler's Peasant Revolt.

Unit 2.1 The Silk Roads

  • Increasing demand for Luxury Goods led to increases in production.

  • New commercial practices and technological innovation led to more trade.

  • An increase in trade leads to the rise of trade cities.

  • Examples include Kashgar, Cairo, and Samarkand as major trading cities.

    • Other examples include: porcelain from China, textiles and spices from South Asia, precious stones from Central Asia, Banking Houses and Paper Money/Credit.

Unit 2.2 The Mongol Empire

  • The Mongol Empire and Khanates replaced old systems of government.

  • The Mongol Empire promoted/facilitated trade and exchange in Eurasia.

  • The Mongol Empire led to cultural exchange and interaction in Eurasia.

    • Examples include:

      • Yam System,

      • Pax Mongolica

      • Spread of Paper Money

      • Yuan Dynasty Replacing the Song Dynasty

      • Il-Khanate Replacing the Abbasid Caliphate

      • Destruction of Russian Principalities

      • Spread of Islam and Tibetan Buddhism

      • Spread of Paper Money

Unit 2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean

  • Increased trade led to the growth of trading cities and cultural connectivity.

  • Indian Ocean trade was based on environmental knowledge.

    • Examples include:

      • Diasporic Communities of Arabs, Malay and Chinese.

      • Knowledge of the Monsoon Winds

      • Junk Trading Ships constructed from Teak Wood in Burma.

Unit 2.4 The Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

  • The volume of trade on the Trans-Saharan Trade route increased due to technological and environmental changes.

  • Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa on the Trans-Saharan Trade Route.

    • Examples:

      • Introduction of Camels/ Camel Saddles

      • Construction of Caravansaries (Silk Road)

      • Gold Mining Techniques (Mercury)

      • Mansa Musa's Hajj to Mecca and Timbuktu as a center for Islamic learning.

Unit 2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

  • Increased trade and stability (Pax-Mongolica) contributed to the spread of religious ideas, cultural exchange, and travel across Eurasia.

    • Examples:

      • Buddhism and Hinduism in S.E. Asia

      • Tibetan Buddhism in East Asia and Islam in W. Africa and Central Asia

      • Gunpowder from the Mongols in Europe

      • Chinese and Islamic Astronomy in the Mongol Empire

Unit 2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

  • Increased trade and stability (Pax-Mongolica) lead to the exchange of biological materials across Eurasia.

    • Examples:

      • Bananas in Africa

      • Champ Rice in China

      • Citrus in Southern Europe

      • The Bubonic Plague spread across Eurasia.

      • The Mongol conquests lead to desertification in regions of Central Asia and Middle East

Unit 2.7 Compare

  • Increased production and trade, trade technology and practices and trade good and trade networks

Unit 3/4 Themes

  • Exam weighting Unit 3/4

Unit 3 Is About Empires

  • About how to build an empire
    * Functioning
    * Social Structures
    * Belief Systems
    * Expansion and Contraction

Unit 4 Is About Empires

  • growth of a set of particular empires: European
    * Empires in the Americas
    * Technology and Conquest
    * Social and Ecological Impacts
    * Resistance to State Power

Unit 3.1 Empires Expand

  • Improvements in gunpowder technology led to the expansion of Empires.

  • Disputes over trade and resources lead to the expansion of and conflict between Empires.

    • Examples:

      • Anglo-Dutch Wars (S.E. Asian Trade Routes )

      • Moroccan Invasion of Songhai (Control of Salt Mines)

Unit 3.2 Empires:Administration

  • Empires utilized bureaucrats/military elites to administer the Empire.

    • Rulers utilized art, monuments, religion, and other cultural ideas to justify their rule.

    • Examples:

      • Ottoman Devshirme Recruits

      • Samurai and later Salaried Samurai

      • Ming Collection of Taxes in Silver

      • Mexica Tribute Lists

      • The Forbidden City/ Palace of Versailles

Unit 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

  • Competition between Empires intensified religious conflict.

    • Empires promotion of religious beliefs led to their spread

    • The social and cultural interactions within empires lead to new religious practices

    • Examples:

      • Marathas-Mughal Wars (Hindavi Swarajya)

      • Vodou in Caribbean Colonies

Unit 4.1 Technological Innovations

  • Cross-cultural interactions led to new knowledge and technologies in Europe

    • New technology and knowledge, sponsored by governments led to oceanic exploration

    • Examples:

      • Compass

      • Lateen Sail

      • Volta do Mar (Winds)

Unit 4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events

  • Political support for voyages of exploration from governments lead to the creation of empires

    • Economic and cultural motivations contributed to the voyages of exploration

    • Examples:

      • Spanish sponsorship of Columbus

      • Prince Henri, Vasco De Gama (Portugal)

Unit 4.3 Columbian Exchange

  • The connections between the Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.

    • The long and short term economic, cultural, ecological, and social consequences *Examples:

      • Cochineal (Red Dye)

      • Wheat, Sugar (Europe

      • Horses, Pigs, Cattle Exploration

      • Population Decline / Diseases (Smallpox and Mosquitos)

Unit 4.4 Maritime Empires Established

  • European Empires differed in form depending on location and power

    • States and merchants in Afro-Asia adapted to new trade routes/goods

    • In the Americas, the demand for resources led to various labor systems

    • Examples:

      • Established Colonial Empires (Spanish/British/ French America)

      • China and Japan limit their trade (Haijin/Sakoku)

Unit 4.5 Maritime Empires Developed

  • Economic competition between empires took many forms

    • The production and circulation of goods intensified globally during this time *The creation of empires lead to demographic changes globally *Examples:

      • Trading Post Empire (Portugual)

      • Slave Trade (Atlantic/Indian Ocean)

Unit 4.6 Challenges to State Power

  • The increasing power of Empires led to challenges to those empires from a variety of groups and for a variety of reasons (Social, Political, Cultural, Economic) as well as Slave Revolts

    • Examples: *Marathas-Mughal Wars (Hindavi Swarajya) *Slave Resistance

      • Metacom's War (North America)

Unit 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies

*The rise of global trade led to the creation of new political and economic elites and the strengthening of existing elites
* Within empires, hierarchies were based on gender, religion and/or culture
    * New or Changing Elites
    * European Nobles
    * Casta System (Spanish America/ Philippines )
    *  The Ottoman Millet and Mughal Zamindars/Rajputs

Unit 5/6 Themes

  • Exam weighting Unit 3/4

Unit 5 Is About Changes

  • understanding changes in the World, both political and technological/economic
    * Political Revolutions
    * Technological Changes

Unit 6 Is About Empires

  • causes and consequences of Empire
    * Conquest and Resistance
    * Economic Changes

Unit 5.1 The Enlightenment

  • The Enlightenment was a movement of thinkers attempting to apply empiricism and rationalism to politics and society

    • Enlightenment Ideas contributed to the later Atlantic Revolutions

    • Examples:

      • Long term effects of the Enlightenment

      • Abolition of Slavery

Unit 5.2 Revolutions and documents

  • Anger with Monarchies, Nationalism, and Colonial Rebellions --> New Nations

    • Ideas of Enlightenment seen in revolutionary documents

    • Examples:

      • Creole Nationalism (American and Latin American Revolutions )

      • Nationalist Movements

Unit 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

  • A variety of factors (Geographic, Economic, Political, Social) --> Industrial Revolution
    *Examples:
    * Property Rights

Unit 5.4 Industrialization Spreads

  • The Industrial Revolution spread to new nations

    • Historic producers lost markets to low-cost industrial production + shift to crop production

    • Example Japan Meiji Reforms /Zaibatsu

Unit 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

  • As the Ind. Revolution spread new technologies and sources of energy were utilized
    *Examples:
    * Steam Engine
    * Telegraph Lines (1830s)

Unit 5.6 Government’s Role in Industrialization

  • A small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.
    Examples:
    * Transcontinental Railroad (1860s)

Unit 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations

  • The production practices of the Industrial Revolution influenced business practices and consumption patterns
    *Examples:
    * The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) (1865)

Unit 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

  • The Industrial Revolution --> new ideas about social and political organization *Asian Nations responded to the changes in industrial-military power of Europe

    • Examples:

      • Utilitarians / Government Responses

      • Other Nations Responding to Industrialization

Unit 5.9 Society in the Industrial Age

  • How industrialization caused change in existing social organization and standards of living. *Examples: New Social Arrangements Rising from Industrialization. # Unit 6.1 Rationales for Expansion *The underlying causes and justifications for the Imperial expansion of Industrial states were economic, cultural, technological, and political

    • Examples: National Rivalries

Unit 6.2 State Expansion

  • Imperial powers expanded into territories, diplomatically, via military force and nationalizing companies, both in their immediate area and overseas.

    • Some imperial territories were organized into Settler Colonies, which displaced or exterminated the local populations

    • Examples:

      • Military Expansion Overseas

      • Expansion by Diplomatic Means

Unit 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

  • Resistance to State/Imperial Expansion included armed resistance, sometimes inspired by religious ideas

    • Resistance also took the form of new states to oppose empires

    • Examples Mahdist Movement in Sudan-New Balkan States resisting the Ottoman Empire Creation of the Sokoto Caliphate

Unit 6.4 Global Economic Development

  • The Second Industrial Revolution increased the demand for tropical resources, traded for industrial goods (Core-Periphery Model).

    • Exporting countries/Imperial Territories organized their economies, politics, and environments around exporting these goods.
      # Unit 6.5 Economic Imperialism

    • Both Industrial States and Businesses practiced Economic Imperialism, the use of military/economic force to shape economic development.

    • Industrial nations utilized economic influence to shape the production of commodities to their advantage
      Examples:

    • British Influence over Palm Oil Production
      # Unit 6.6 Causes of Migration

    • Migration during this time was the result of social, economic, and technological changes from Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution

    • Migrant labor globally was both free and coerced, and sometimes temporary
      Examples:

    • Labor Demands of Global Economy
      *Steam Ships

Unit 6.7 Effects of Migration

  • Migrants influenced the societies they moved to, despite legal/social segregation and restrictions

  • Migration created new social and gender roles, especially for women working in cities or in their home societies Examples:

    • Ethnic enclaves, Regulation of Migrants

Unit 7.1 Shifting Power

  • Revolutions in Russia, Mexico, and China challenged the existing social order
    Examples:

  • Fall of the Qing Empire (1911) # Unit 7.2 Causes of World War I

    • The Cause of World War I were the result of economic and imperial competition, the militarization of society and politics, and cultural nationalism
      Examples:
      Nationalism, Alliance System (Tripple Entente v Tripple Alliance)

Unit 7.3 Conducting World War I

  • World War I was a fundamental shift in warfare, being the first Total War in history, seeing the widespread use of industrial weaponry, and being global in scale.
    Examples:
    What is Total War?
    Industrial Weapons

Unit 7.4 Economics in the Interwar Era

  • Between the world wars, governments intervened in their economies both to strengthen their nations and to respond to the Great Depression
    *Examples of The Great Depression:
    Overproduction of agricultural and industrial goods
    Solutions: Fascist Corporatism

Unit 7.5 Unresolved Tensions After World War I

*Between the world wars, imperial powers maintained and expanded their territories but faced increased resistance.
Example:In the Middle East, Arab Nationalists and Zionist push for self-determination

Unit 7.6 Causes of World War II

*The underlying causes of World War II included territorial and economic competition, a weak international community, and fascist/expansionist ideology.
*Examples: Great Depression And Fascist ideology /territorial goals

Unit 7.7 Conducting World War II

World War II, like World War I, was a Total War, a war that featured new military technology, and a global conflict. One major difference was that World War II was an ideological conflict.
New Technology Planes and Jets / Total War

Unit 7.8 Mass Atrocities After 1900

*In the 20th century, the rise of ideologically extreme groups, industrial technology, and global conflicts led to the mass targeting of civilians in both times of war and peace.
*Examples: States across the world were more powerful.

Unit 8.1 Stage for the Cold War

  • THE CONTEXT OF THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION INCLUDES POLITICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC CHANGES AFTER WORLD WAR II
    *Examples: Effects of World War II

Unit 8.2/8.3 The Cold War

  • THE COLD WAR WAS A GLOBAL CONFLICT OF IDEAS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE USSR
    Examples: Cold War Competition
    # Unit 8.4 Spread of Communism after 1900
    THE RUSSIAN AND MEXICAN REVOLUTIONS INSPIRED LAND REFORMS
    Examples:
    White Revolution in Iran (1962-19
    Non-Communist Land Reform

Unit 8.5 Decolonization After 1900

Decolonization of states through negotiated/non violent forms.
Kwame Nkrumah and his Convention People's Party Ghana

Unit 8.6 Newly Independent States

GOVERNMENTS TOOK A STRONG ROLE IN ECONOMIES AND POLITICS.
Guiding Economic Life for social Infrastructure

Unit 8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power

  • THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY GROUPS AND STATES RESISTED EXISTING POWER STRUCTURES, VIOLENTLY AND BY INTENSIFYING CONFLICT AND NON-VIOLENTLY VIA PROTEST
    * Non-Violent Responses:
    * Anti-Nuclear Weapons