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alpha helix - a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid backbone 

amino acid - an organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group

beta pleated sheet- one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth and are held together by hydrogen bonds. 

Carbohydrates - a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers

catalysts - a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Cellulose - a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages. 

Chaperonins - protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Chitin - a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

Cholesterol - a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. 

dehydration reaction - a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

Denaturation - the change that occurs when a protein unravels or loses its shape. 

deoxyribonucleic acid - a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins. 

Deoxyribose - The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose. 

Disaccharide - a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. 

disulfide bridges - covalent bonds between the sulfhydryl groups of two cysteine amino acids. 

Enzymes - specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Fat - a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. 

fatty acid - a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. 

Gene - discrete units of inheritance that consists of DNA

Glycogen - the storage polysaccharide found in animals

glycosidic linkage - a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. 

Hydrolysis - this reaction disassembles polymers into monomers by the addition of water molecules

hydrophobic interactions - a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. 

Lipids - any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. 

monomers - the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Monosaccharides - the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars. 

nucleic acid - a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. 

Nucleotides - the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. 

peptide bond - the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amonio group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. 

Phospholipids - lipids that are the main components of cell membranes

Polymer - a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
macromolecules - a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. 

Polynucleotides - a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. 

Polypeptides - polymers of proteins

Polysaccharides - a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. 

primary structure - the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. 

Protein - a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. 

Purine - one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring. 

Pyrimidine - one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. 

quaternary structure - The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. 

ribonucleic acid - A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. 

Ribose - the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

saturated fatty acid - A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number o hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. 

secondary structure - regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone. 

Starch - a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages. 

Steroids - lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. 

tertiary structure - the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains. 

unsaturated fatty acid - a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.