Normal World History Notes

Q1:

9/19:

• Nostalgia 

  • Wistful or excessively sentimental yearning for a past period or irrecoverable condition

• Legacy

  • Something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor from the past

• Perspective

  • The capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance 

  • Point of view

• Why History?

  • History builds empathy

  • It can be intensely personal

  • Teaches us about the present

  • Everything has history

9/21:

• Humanism

  • an approach to life based on reason and our common humanity 

  • recognising that moral values are properly founded on human nature and experience alone

• Religion

  • Shapes people and perspectives

  • Plays a huge role in developing

  • Plays in politics

  • Wars start 

  • monotheistic religions(one god):

    • Judaism

      • 2000 BCE Monotheism is introduced

      • Prophet Abraham is 1st Jew

      • 70-73CE Temple of Solomon is destroyed

      • Jews dispersed from Jerusalem

      • In 1948 Israel was founded

      • Torah is a foundational text

      • Don’t worship Jesus

      • Messiah = saviour or leader

    • Christianity

      • Jesus' birth was in the 1st century

      • 391 CE Roman Empire adopted Christianity

        • Constantine 

      • 16th CE reformation  

      • The Bible is the foundational text

    • Islam

      • In 600 AD Prophet Muhammad founded

      • Caliphate = Islamic empire

      • Mecca

      • Allah is the only god

      • Muhammad is the final prophet

      • The Quran is the holy book

• Crusades

  • A campaign for political, social, or religious change

  • Christians taking land from Muslims because the land is holy

9/26-9/27:

• India

  • Centre of trade

  • Golden age of peace and achievements(Gupta)

  • Buddhism(s)

    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in India 

    • Urged people to seek enlightenment

    • Meditate

    • Eightfold Path 

      • Right views

      • Right aspirations

      • Right Speech 

      • Right conduct 

      • Right livelihood 

      • Right effort 

      • Right mindfulness

      • Right contemplation

    • Spread from India to Sri Lanka and across East Asia and mainland Southeast Asia

    • Derived from Hinduism

    • Reincarnation: 

      • Based on karma and to try again

      • You have to carry out your dharma

    • Rebirth

      • the teaching that the actions of a person lead to a new existence after death, in an endless cycle 

      • Saṃsāra 

  • Hinduism

    • Not made by a single person

    • Multiple sacred texts

    • Polytheism 

    • Brahman

    • spread to Sri Lanka

    • Karma and reincarnation

    • caste system

      • Brahmans

      • Kshatriyas

      • Vaishyas

      • Shudras

      • Dalits

    • Dharma

    • Gods

      • Vishnu

      • Shiva

      • Brahma

• China

  • Confucius 

    • born in 551 B.C.

    • Scholar but religion is meh

    • taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society

    • respect for parents is very important

  • Han Feizi

    • to achieve order in society you must pass strict laws and impose harsh punishments

    • Legalism

  • Daoism

    • sought to live in harmony with nature, rather than to bring order to human affairs.

    • Government is weird

  • Shihuangdi

    • rose to unify all of China

    • set the stage for China's classical age.

    • Build great wall

    • spent 20 years conquering the warring states.

  • Han

    • made huge advances in trade, government, technology, and the arts.

    • Brought 400 years of unity to China

9/28:

• Civilisations developed and started producing more goods

  • Increase in trade

  • Exchanges in religions/ideas

  • New technologies

• SOS

  • Silk

    • Silk roads

      • Trade Network in Eurasia (China -> Mediterranean region)

  • Ocean

    • Indian Ocean

      • Easier to transport more goods.

      • Spread Islam across the Indian Ocean

  • Sand

    • Trans Saharan trades

      • West Africa -> North America -> Mediterranean 

      • A camel saddle was made

• Trade

  • Depending on other countries

  • New tech

  • Money and currency

10/4 - 10/5: 

• Middle ages

  • 5th-15th century

  • 100-year war

  • Islam vs Christianity

  • Black Plague and famine

• Renaissance 

  • Means rebirth in French

  • Current Italy

  • 13th-16th century

  • Time of great change throughout Europe

  • Emphasis on art, idea, individualism

  • Flourishing ideas 

  • Growing economy

  • Venice & ottoman trading partners

  • City-state

    • An independently ruled city and the land around it

  • Republic

    • A council ruling

  • Art

    • Inspo from Roman and Greek art

    • Putting humans at the centre of art and philosophy

    • Who paid for art?

      • Merchants and craftsmen rose to power through their wealth

      • Wealthy families fought for power and funded art projects

      • Patronage

        • The funding of art

    • Vivid bright colours

    • Perspective

      • Depth

      • realism

    • Balance

    • Classical themes

      • Greek, Roman and biblical figures predominantly

  • Petrarch 

    • Was religious 

    • Kickstarter the art era

    • Humanism

      • What is the point?

      • What purpose do we have, not just worshipping god

      • What is the point of not knowing about yourself but about others

10/10:

• Medici

  • From Florence

  • Wool business and banking

  • Loved art

  • Patrons of the arts

  • Ruled Florence and soon Tuscany 1434-1737(not 1494-1512 and 1527-1530)

  • 1492

    • French invasion

    • Poorly handled

    • The public kicked him out bc he was weird

  • 1494:

    • Expelled from Italy

  • 1512 

    • Giovanni Medici persuades the Pope to let them return to Florence 

  • 1527  

    • Once again, supporters of the republic overthrow the Medici family

  • 1530 

    • Medici family returns to power when Italy is destabilised due to Spanish invasion 

  • 1532 

    • The Medici family established a constitution that names their family line the rightful rulers of Florence

• Machiavelli

  • Diplomat

  • 1469- Born in Florence

  • 1502- Studied Cesare Borgia

  • 1512 exiled from Florence bc he was associated w/ the republicans

  • 1513- Wrote The Prince (inspired by Borgia)

    • A foundational text for modern political science

    • Knew Borgia was no good

    • However, believed that during times of war, leaders required certain characteristics.

    • Before, leaders were encouraged to be virtuous (inspired by Christianity).

    • “The Prince” was spread throughout Europe, teaching leaders good and bad ways to rule.

10/11-10/13:

• Catholic Church

  • Corrupt leaders were taking advantage of people

  • Indulgences

    • Giving people a piece of paper and telling them that they are free from sin

  • Selling people “forgiveness”

  • Exiled and sentenced ML to death

• Martin Luther

  • Saw corruption of the church

  • Catholic monk

  • Criticised the church

    • 95 theses

      • All the mini arguments about why the church is corrupt

  • Was helped by Frederick Saxony

  • Community of all believers

  • Personal empowerment

  • Origins of reformation

  • German

  • 1483-15..

  • Changed the relationship btw the church and the people

• King Henry VIII

  • The defender of faith

  • Started his church

    • Church of England

  • Wanted to divorce and get remarried

  • Had 6 wives

  • Church of England

    • 1534- now

    •  

• John Calvin

  • Swiss reformation

• Printing press

  • 60 years before ML

• Ignatius Loyola

  •  Catholic reformation

    • Counter-reformation

• German Peasant War

  • Peasants rose against nobles and landlord

  • “Of the freedom of Christianity”

  • ML condemned this

• Peace of Augsburg

  • Religion determined by local ruler

  • Cuius regio, eius religio

    •  Whoever reigns, his religion

  • Catholic or Lutheran

• Christianity

  • Protestantism

  • Lutheranism

  • Methodist

  • Baptist

  • Amish

  • Evangeline free

• On October 31, the priest and scholar Martin Luther approaches the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, and nails a piece of paper containing the 95 revolutionary opinions that began the Protestant Reformation.

10/17-10/19:

• England reformation

  • Was ran by Henry VIII instead of the pope

  • Cut off from the catholic church

  • Started by the king

  • Literally started bc Henry VIII wanted to get divorced

  • Bible in English

  • Very similar to the catholic

• Christian reformation 

• Age of exploration

  • Wealth is motivation 

  • 1400s-1700s

  • Europe traded w/ Asia long before the Renaissance 

  • Spice Islands

    •  Before the 1400s, most trade was done by Arabs and Italians 

  • Americas

    •  

  • Fall of Constantinople 

  • Sea travel

  • Economy was booming

  • Sails from trading w/ the Arabian

  • If 90% chance of death, people mostly don’t do

  • Missionaries

    • People spreading Christianity to others

  • New tools

    • Sturdy ships

    • Triangular sails

      • Easier to sail

      • Allows windward sailing

    • Shallow draft

    • Sextant

      • Latitude finder

  • New trade routes

    • England

    • Spain

    • Dutch

    • Portugal

    • France 

  • Christopher Columbus

    • Cristobal Colon

    • Finds “West Indies”

    • 1492-1493

    • Motivated by wealth

  • Amerigo Vespucci

    • Travels in 1499

    • Caribbean not spice islands

    • named America

  • Vasco da Gama

    • Looking for Christians and spices

  • Bernal Diaz del Castillo

    • Conquered the Aztecs

    • Power, money, religion

  • Walter Raleigh

    • 1587 in NC

    • Money, land, power, religion and glory

    • 1592 Venezuela looking for abandoned city of gold

  • Three Gs

    • God

    • Gold

    • Glory

  • Portugal

    • Piracy in the Indian Ocean

    • Taxing 

    • Controlling other nation's trade

10/21: 

• Dutch East India Company

  • Dutch = Netherlands 

  • Holland is a region of the Netherlands

  • Wanted money and spices

  • Extremely dangerous

  • Piracy was done by Portugal

  • Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt

    • Combined all the companies to form a bigger and more powerful company

    • VOC

      • Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie

      • Joint stock companies

        • I invest in your business, you gain value and pay me dividends

        • Reached $7.9 trillion in modern inflation

        • 1st publicly invested company

      • New ships were heavily armed

      • Army to defend their company

• Spain and Dutch relationship 

  • Spain was ruled by the Habsburg family (16-17th CE)

• East India Company

  • England

  • Walmart ver of VOC

Reading from this week:

• Magellan crew

  • Sailed across the world 

  • The main dude died

10/26-11/1:

• Tainos

  • Lived in the Caribbean 

  • Lived on the Hispaniola island 

  • Advanced civilization

  • Densely settled 

  • Well organised

  • Widely dispersed 

  • Kind to Europeans

• Columbus

  • Was hostile to Tainos

  • Claimed the land for Spain

  • Killed Tainos who resisted

• How did small groups of conquistadors overpower empires

  • Germs

    • Biggest disease was Smallpox, Influenza and Measles

    • Killed up to 90% of natives

  • Guns

  • Horses

• Francisco Pizarro

  • Conquered Incan society

  • Began and arrived in 1532

  • Till 1790 had control

• Hernan Cortes

  • Conquered Aztecs

  • Landed in 1519

  • Headed to Tenochtitlan

  • The emperor heard of Spanish

    • Sent gifts hoping for euros to go back

  • Formed alliances with groups that were conquered by Aztecs or opposing nations

  • Tried to convert the Aztecs

  • Imprisoned the emperor and took riches

• Conqueers

  • Took gold and killed natives

• Natives

  • Killed by disease and violence

  • Lacked immunity to European diseases

• Encomienda System

  • Prominent Spaniards were entrusted with Native Peruvian communities

  • Labour = protection and religion

    • Aka slavery

  • Was established to protect and evangelise NA in return for their services

  • A brutal form of slavery

• Bartolomé de Las Casas

  • Urged the king to end the mistreatment of NAs

  • 1542 Spain passed the New Laws Of The Indies

    • Forbad enslavement of NA

    • Many Natives were forced into being Peons or workers

  • One of the few people who saw the NAs as Human

  • Suggested to import Africans instead of NAs

    • Africans had skills and were immune to tropical diseases

• Triangle Trade

  • A series of trade routes linking Europe, Africa and America in the 1500s

  • Europe

    • Gave guns, clothes, cash, etc. to Africa

    • Got sugar, cotton, fur etc. from America

  • Africa

    • Gives slaves through the middle passage to America

    • Got guns, clothes, cash etc. from Europe

    • Future

      • Lost 10s of thousands of able-bodied people

  • America

    • Got slaves through the middle passage

    • Gave Europe sugar, cotton, fur, etc

  • 15th-19th CE

  • Capturing slaves was a reason 

  • Middle Passage

    • The sea journeys undertaken by the slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

    • Most people were taken to Brazil

    • Cargos were packed tightly

    • 20% of slaves dies

    • Most died of disease or suicide

    • 11+ million slaves were taken to the Americas by the time the slave trade ended

Q2:

11/7-11/15:

• Age of absolutism

  • Definition = period from 1500-1700 when Europe and surrounding areas were ruled by absolute monarchs

  • Absolute monarch

    • Definition = A king or queen who has unlimited power and no law restricts their actions

    • Louis XIV

      • Creates a massive standing army

      • Treated like a god by subjects

      • The poster child of the age of absolutism

      • Promoting colonisation in the Americas

      • “I am the state”

      • Palace of Versailles

        • Old hunting cabin turned into a palace

      • Roles

        • i. Royalty

        • ii. Nobles

          • Often rebel

          • Louis kept them happy

        • iii. Peasants

          • Not good condition

          • Heavy taxes

    • Henry VIII

    • Peter the Great

    • The Fredricks

    • Charles V

    • The divine right of kings

      • Their authority comes from god

      • Rebellion is the worst of political and religious crimes

      • People feared that if they spoke out, god would punish them

  • Still have absolute monarchs

    • Ex: 

      • Saudi Arabia

      • Vatican City

  • Mercantilism

    • Wealth amongst country

    • A country’s wealth is based on exports and imports 

    • If a country is more powerful than another country, then the other country is losing out

    • Gold and silver > food > raw materials

  • Benefits

    • Quick

    • Decisive

    • Nothing complicated

    • Treated like a god

  • My fav type of pie

    • Cherry or apple

  • Downside

    • Could have the worst ruler ever w/o education

    • Democracy creates the best possible answer

  • Monarchs were able to get so much power because the protestant reformation weakened the Church and colonisation brought massive wealth.

  • Sovereignty

    • Definition = Supreme and independent power

  • Roman Numerals

    • I = 1

    • V = 5

    • X = 10

    • C = 100

    • D = 500

    • M = 1000

  • Huguenots

    • Religious wars between the Catholic and French Protestant

    • Tore France apart

    • The Catholics killed 3000 Huguenots on the royal wedding day

    • The next day, thousands were slaughtered

    • After Henry IV was crowned king, he converted to catholic to prevent 

    • Got religious freedom

    • Cardinal Richelieu

      • Destroyed the religion 

  • Jean Baptiste-Colbert

    • Imposed mercantilism properties to the economy

    • Encouraged basic economy

      • Farming

  • Feudalism

    • A hierarchical system in which different groups 

    • pledge loyalty to one another in return for goods, services and/or protection

    • Fief

      • An area of land ruled by a lord

      • Declined in the 1400s

        • Black death

        • Magna Carta

        • etc

  • Rise and Fall of Absolute Monarchs

    • Rise

      • Colonisation

      • Reformation

      • When Feudal lords lose power, the king gains it

    • Fall

11/16:

• English Monarch and the Parliament

  • Parliament

    • Tudor Family worked w/ the parliament to make decisions

    • A council of people who put laws into place

      • Under the control of the king or queen

    • Stuart Family

      • Didn’t have a good relationship with the parliament

      •  Started English Civil War (1642-1651)

        • James I of Scotland

          • absolute monarch

          • Puritans

            • Want to rid the English Church of Catholic practices

          • James I clashed w/ the Puritans

          • People can only read the King James Bible

            • English translation

            • “Authorised version”

        • Charles I

          • Son of James I

          • Also absolute

          • A heavy tax on England

          • Petition of right

            • Took some power from the king

            • King can’t raise taxes w/o parliament's consent

            • Signed by Charles

            • 1629 - gets rid of the Parliament

          • Beheaded in 1649

          • End of Stuart Absolutism

        • Cavaliers

          • Supporting the King

        • Roundheads

          • Supports the Parliament

    • Oliver Cromwell

      • “Lord Protector”

      • Strict Puritan rule

      • Military Dictatorship

      • Jews were welcomed back from exile

      • A bit more religious freedom

      • Education was encouraged

      • Parliament put puritanical laws in place

      • Death

        • 1658

        • Commonwealth ends

    • Charles II

      • Comes back from exile

      • Son of the previous king(not Oliver)

      • Ruled 1660-

      • The Merry Monarch

        • Liked to party

      • The Secret Treaty of Dover -1670

        • Charles gets money

        • Louis gets military support

      • Died w/o an heir

        • Lots of illegitimate kids

    • James II

      • Charles’ brother

      • Papist

        • Support of the catholic church

      • Glorious Revolution-1688

        • Gets the message and leaves w/ no one to ruler

        • No bloodshed

        • Limited monarchy

      • Mary II and William III

        • Joint monarchs

        • Signed the bill of rights

          • Limits the power of the monarchs

        • William is from the Netherlands

11/21:

• Age of Enlightenment

  • Began in Western Europe

  • Late 1600’s to 1800’s (1685-1815)

  • Began to question the previously accepted traditioned

  • Philosophers

    • Began to answer big questions with logic and reason

    • John Locke

    • Thomas Hobbes

    • Jean Jacques Rousseau

    • Montesquieu

  • Louis XIV

    • Dominate Euro Culture

      • Academics

      • Patronage

      • Had control over types of art/thinking that people had access to

1/5:

• Hobbes

  • 1588-1679 England

  • Wrote Leviathan

  • Supported Absolutism

    • If everyone is = with no laws, there will be violence

    • We need someone to take the reigns 

    • People have no right to revolt

  • Social contract

    • Give freedom get order

• Locke

  • 1632-1704 England

  • Wrote Two treatises on government

  • Power should go to the legislative branch

  • More representatives in government

    • Only white adult male landowners/businessmen

  • Life liberty and property

    • Unalienable rights

  • Social contract

    • Between people and sovereign

    • People have the right to revolt

    • Govern lightly

• Montesquieu

  • 1689-1755 France

  • Noble

  • The spirit of laws (1748)

  • People avoid violence

  • But after society violence is more wanted?

  • Form a society for food

  • The government is for maintaining people

  • Separate cheques and balances

• Rosseau

• Voltaire

• Diderot

• Wollstonecraft

• Smith

  •  

7-9/12:

• French Revolution

  • 1789

  • King Louis xvi

    • 1774-1792

    • Married to Marie Antoinette in 1770

      • Age 14 when married

      • “Let them eat cake” not true

  • Starting

    • Reasons

      • Heavy taxes

      • Poor access to food

      • Absolute monarchy

    • Estates General (Old Order)

      • Outdated social system from middle ages

      • Everyone in france divided into 3 social classes

        • First- Clergy (religious figures)

        • Second-Nobility

        • Third-Everyone else

      • Body of government problems

      • 1st and 2nd were exempt from taxes

      • FAILED

    • Budget Crisis

      • Debt

      • Versailles

      • Military

      • Public Works

    • 1787

      • Tried to get Nobility and Clerks to pay taxes

      • Haven't come together in 175 years (estates general)

      • Prepare Cahiers(notebooks) about things you are angry about

        • Fairer Taxes

        • Freedom of press

        • Servnts weren’t getting paid

        • Nobles are evil

        • Leather is too expensive

    • National Assembly

      • 1789

      • Third estate only

      • But meeting space is locked up by the King

      • Meet at a tennis court now

      • Tennis Court Oath

        • The national assembly pledged to adjourn until a constitution for France

      • King Louis capitulated(gave in)

        • Recognized the National Assembly as a lawmaking body

        • Directed the First and Second to join the assembly to make a constitution

        • Brings troops as a just in-case

  • Symptoms

    • July 14, 1789

      • Bastille was taken down and this was the start of the Revolution

        • Bastille

          • A fortress in paris that the french commoners believed contained weapons and prisoners

        • Was the wake up call to King Louis XVI

    • Peasant Revolt

    • Women's march on Versailles

      • 1789

      • Order the King’s family to leave

      • Then took the King as prisoner

    • Parisian Revolution

    • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

      • August 1789

      • Written by National Assembly

      • Inspired by 

        • the American Declaration of Independence

        • Rousseau

        • British Government

  • The Reign of Terror

    • 1793-1794

    • Republicanism

      • Montagnards

        • More radical

      • Girondins

        • Less radical

      • Committee of Public Safety

        • Directing the war effort

        • Go against counter revolutionaries

    • Robespierre

      • “Incorruptible”

      • Use fear as a way to avoid counter revolution

    • Enemies of the People

      • Plotting against the revolution

      • Guillotine

        • National razor

        • Equality in death

        • >15000 executed

    • King Louis 

      • Executed Jan 1793

    • Marie Antoinette

      • Executed Oct 1793

    • Ends 1794

  • Constitution of 1795

    • 1795-1799

    • Established the directory as the government power

  • Napoleon Bonaparte

    • 1799

13-14/12:

• Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Military Hero

    • Rose quickly through the French Army

  • Favoured the Republican rule and the Jacobins

  • 1795-1799

    • Directory

      • 5 member committee of the rulers

      • Rulers = Bourgeoisie 

      • No good

    • Napoleon overthrows the directory

    • Coup d’etat

      • Planned overthrow of the bad government

    • Consulate

      • New government by Napoleon

      • 5 years later crowned himself Emperor of France

    • Napoleon = French Nationalism

      • Nationalism

        • Sense of superiority or superior national pride

  • France Prospered

    • Restored order and prosperity 

      • Controlled prices

    • Strengthened the central government

      • Set up public schools

    • Made peace w/ catholic church

    • Encouraged Emigres to return

    • Recognized peasants right

    • Opened jobs to all based on talent

  • Napoleonic code

    • Success

      • Equality between men

      • Religious toleration

      • Abolition of feudalism

    • Failure 

      • Women lost lots of rights

    • Spread throughout Europe

    • Is still important today

  • Downfall

    • 1812

      • Tries to invade russia

      • Seen as a foreign oppressor

      • Nationalism in other countries

    • 1814

      • Abdicates and exiled to Elba

    • Koses battle of waterloo

  • Dies 1821

4-9/1:

Industrial revolution

• Economic change

• Began in Britain 1700s

  • Bc of coal, rivers and lots of people needing money

• Long and slow shift to complex machines

  • Industrialization

• Middle class

  • Bourgeoisie

  • New

• Urbanisation

• Tenements

  • Building codes made not so soon

• Factory workers

  • Bad conditions

  • Kids work

  • Lots of sickness in lungs due to coal

• Child labour laws

• Woman suffrage

• Lots of science things

• Natural selection

• Factors leading to this

  • Agricultural revolution

    • Farming improvement

  • Population boom

  • Colonisation

    • Resources from far lands

  • Slavery

    • Increase workforce

  • Tech advances

    • New tools

    • James Watt

      • Steam engine

      • Scottish

      • Worked with Matthew Boulton 

    • Random american people

      • Anaesthetic 

        • No pain during operation

        • By dentist

      • Sewing machine

    • French peeps

      • Speed of light

    • Hungarian peeps

      • Antiseptic methods to prevent women dying in childbirth

    • Thomas Newcomen

      • Made another steam machine 

      • powered by coal

      • pump water out of mins

Semester 2:

2/1:

• Sovereignty

  • Supreme and independent power

  • Self governing

• Nation state

  • country

• Imperialism

  • A country’s domination of another country/region

• Colonisation

  • Experience of the other group who are being ruled

• Empire

  • A realm where one state dominates over another country/region

• Self-ruled African Countries

  • Ethiopia

  • Liberia

• How did the empires divide people?

  • They separated people into communities of citizens with rights and privileges

  • Had communities of subjects

  • Divided the territory into multiple states and regions 

• How did Britain rule?

  • Used Indirect rule

    • Finding local allies and paying them to do most of the government work

    • Originally done by Mughals in India

• 5 factors leading to new imperialism

  • Technology

    • New weapons gave conquerors a big military advantage 

  • Industrialisation and capitalism

    • Growth of factories in industrialised countries meant that their businesses had an increased demand for raw materials

    • 2-in-1 deal

      • Raw materials and population to buy the raw materials

  • Racism

    • Many misconceptions about race emerged w/ the atlantic slave trade

    • Many believed that it was their right to rule over people they thought were inferior

  • Nationalism

    • Sense of superiority or superior national pride

  • “Men-on-the-spot”

    • Events that were caused by a person (or a group) 

3/1:

• Japan:

  • Sakoku

    • Isolation foreign policy

    • Tokugawa family brought back feudalism

    • Closed japan for foreigners

    • Forbade Japanese people from travelling overseas

  • Classes

    • Emperor

    • Shogun and Daimyo

    • Samurai

    • Peasants and artisans

    • Merchants 

  • American ships come to japan with letter from president to open the ports

  • Japan allows trade with US

  • Japanese felt humiliated

    • Some criticised the shogun for agreeing

  • Daimyo and samurai led revolt against Shogun

  • Meiji restoration

    • Japan westernised and industrialised

    • Japan study western ways

    • 1868-1912

    • Forced Koreans to open their ports to them

    • Want to become an empire

  • Sino-Japanese war

    • China vs Ja[an

    • Japan wins

    • Over korea

  • Russo-Japanese war

    • Russia vs Japan

    • Japan wins

  • Annexed Korea in 1910

  • By 1900s japan is strongest

• Russia

  • Biggest army

  • large empire and presented like a western imperial power

• Ottoman Empire

  • 1300 to 1922 (peak 1683)

  • WW1

    • Already weakened at start

    • Brings the end of the ottoman empire

• WW1

  • Reasons (MAIN)

    • Militarism M

    • Alliances A

      • Central Powers

        • Germany

        • Austria/hungary

        • Ottoman Empire

        • Italy

      • Triple Entente

        • Britain

        • France

        • Russia

    • Imperialism I

    • Nationalism N

    • June 28 1914 

      • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 

        • Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne 

        • By Serbian nationalists

3/17:

• Woodrow wilson’s goal

  • Wanted to avoid new war

  • President of USA during WWI

• Blamed

  • Germany 

• 14 point

  • League of nations was used

  • League of nations

    • A point from woodrow wilson````````````````````

    • 40+ countries joined together

    • Germany and Russia weren’t allowed

    • Germany joined anyway

    • US never joined

• Treaty of versailles

  • June 28 1919

  • 5 years to the day of the assassination of the archduke

  • Britain and france wanted germany to claim responsibility for war

  • Reparation = $30 billion

  • Germany had to shrink army and conscription was forbidden 

  • Russia didn’t come

3/20:

• Nicholas II

  • Becomes Tsar of russia

  • Doesn’t have much interest in ruling

  • Wasn't prepared for this

    • 1894

  • Russia was slow to industrialization

• Russian revolution

  • Bloody sunday

    • Jan 22 1905

    • Group march to tsar's palace

  • Duma

    • An elected body to advise the tsar

    • Ended up not having a lot of power

  • Result:

    • Tsar went from absolute monarchy to being limited by Duma

  • Rasputin

    • Mystic dude

  • Bolsheviks

    • Vladimir Lenin

    • Early 1900s

    • Inspired by Marxist ideals

3/29:

• Post WWI

  • social, political, economic, and artistic change. 

  • Science

    • Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Enrico Fermi

      • increased understanding of the atom. 

      • later leads to the development of atomic energy and nuclear weapons

    • Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, 

      • the first antibiotic, which is used to combat many diseases

    • Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud 

      • introduced new theories about the unconscious mind

      • His use of psychoanalysis changed perceptions of the mind

  • Shift in music, literature and arts

    • Abstract art 

      • focused on lines and colours rather than recognizable subjects

    • Surrealism 

      • attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind

    • Dadaism 

      • sought to upset traditional conventions by using shocking images

  • Consumerism

    • An increase in a person’s consumption of goods and services.

    • Buying stuff = happy :)

    • New technologies

      • Affordable cars

      • Radios and phones

      • Motion pictures and “talkies”

      • Labour-saving devices

      • Created mass culture

  • Roaring 20s

    • Jazz

    • Harlem renaissance

    • Women

      • Gained right to vote

      • Flappers

        • Embraced jazz and new freedom

        • Symbols of rebellion against victorian values

    • Prohibition

      • amendment in 1919 that banned alcohol

      • organised crime and speakeasies flourished

  • Treaty of versailles 

    • In 1919, Britain, France, and the United States appeared powerful

    • The parties focused on how to get reparations from Germany, but they could not agree on an approach

    • but even some of the victors’ economies were harmed after World War I

    • saw political change as well

    • Almost every independent nation signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) renouncing war. However, it included no way to enforce the ban.

    • The League of Nations worked to promote peace, but it proved weak and ineffective. 

    • Britain and France owed a substantial war debt to the United States

    • Dawes plan

      • Germany takes loan from US

      • Germany pays allies

      • Allies pay debt to US

    • Germany

      • Germany’s economy was failing under its crushing reparations.

    • Britain

      • Labour party gained support among workers

      • promoting a move toward socialism

      • 3+ mil workers took part in a huge strike in 1926.

      • Parliament passed laws limiting workers’ power to strike.

    • Ireland

      • When Parliament failed to grant home rule in 1919

      • members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) began a guerrilla war against British forces.

      • By 1922, moderates in Ireland and Britain reached an agreement 

        • most of Ireland became the Irish Free State. 

        • Northern Ireland remained under British rule.

    • France

      • Maginot line

        • 280 miles long for protection against germany

    • US

      • It had suffered very little loss of life or property during the war.

      • Americans’ fear of radicals and Bolsheviks set off a “Red Scare” in 1919. 

      • Congress limited or excluded immigration from Europe. Earlier laws had excluded or limited immigrants from China and Japan.

• Global Great Depression

  • When America fell, Britain fell then everyone else fell 

  • People were making risky investments and loans

  • Tariffs were placed by the government

    • Taxes on foreign goods

5/1: 

• Holocaust 

  • The genocide of European Jews from 1933-1945

    • the deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group to destroy that nation or group

  • Euthanisa program

    • murdered at least 250,000 mentally or physically disabled patients 

• Persecution

  • hostility and ill-treatment, especially based on ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or political beliefs

  • Anti-semantics

    • Hostility or prejudice towards Jewish people

• Ethnic religion 

  • A religion closely associated with an ethnic group

• Axis powers

  • Germany

  • Italy

  • Japan 

    • Hirohito = emperor

    • Hideki tojo = PM

    • Industrialized in the 20th century

    • Wanted to grow as a world power

    • Didn’t have the resources it needed

      • Could be found in mainland of Asia

      • So it invaded nations in Asia

      • Has Korea

      • 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria 

        • Chinese land

      • 1937-1945: war between Japan and China

      • 1941 bombed Pearl Harbour on December 7th

  • September 27, 1940

    • Axis powers formed and became allies 

    • Sign Tripartite Pact

• Allied power

  • America

    • When the Tripartite Pact is signed US cut off Japan from importing

    • December 8, 1941

      • Franklin D. Roosevelt declares war on Japan 

      • U.S. has now entered WWII

  • Britain

  • Soviet Union

  • France

• May 7th, 1945

  • Germany surrenders 

• September 2nd, 1945

  • Japan surrenders (after U.S. drops 2 atomic bombs on the Japanese towns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) 

6/5:

Decolonization:

• The process of becoming free from colonial status and achieving independence

• Ongoing process