Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology- scientific study of the systematic changes in human beings

• it started in tummy

• life span development/approach

• womb to tomb, conception to cremation

• triangle, mabilis-peak-tapos babagal na hanggang mamatay

- see the dev of human beings in three aspects/domains

1. physical - biological changes in the body

2. cognitive - how we process information

3. psychosocial - relationship with ourself and others, how we see ourselves

- these three are related with each other that influences in our development

- hereditary vs environment vs maturation

- h- genetics, nature e- family the place where we live, nurture m-

- genes are not 100% they are just potentialities. then doon papasok yung environment, kunware di ka pinakain, maturation-nakaka apekto rin sya

- context of development

- blank slate when we are born

- family- marriage

- types of family ~ nuclear (immediate fam, normal fam, mother father child), extended (mather father child lola lolo tito tita), reconstituted (mix/blended, father step mother step child)

- types of marriage ~ monogamy (marrying a single partner) polygamy (one man is marrying several women) types of polygamy [polygyny- lalake nagaasawa ng marami] -acceptable and common in islamic country [polyandry- babae nagaasawa ng marami]- occurs in high sexy society(india)

- socio economic status - kapag may kaya sa buhay, maganda ang development

- culture- depends on our culture kung oano tayo nagdedevelop, way of life, paniniwala and tradition ~individualistic - ako ay para sa satili ko lang ~collectivistic- ako ay para sa ibang tao ~ethnocentrism- i believe my culture is superior than others ~xenocentrism- my culture is below the others

- race and ethnicity- its the physical characteristic of people, it affects our development because it affects the opportunities for ourselves

normative and non-normative

- age cohorts - babies born in the same year, sabay sabay pinanganak sa iisang taon

- normative- normal sa age development

- 1. age grade (n) - menarch (first mens of a girl)

- 2. history grade (n) - kahit iba yung age cohorts, mag iisip lang tayo ng isang historical event that shape our development, like covid.

- non normative- atypical, events na possible na mangyari na satin lang nangyari na maaapektuhan yung development lang natin.

timing of influences

- context: konrad lorenz- nag alaga sya ng duck, tapos inalagaan nya tapos sya yung unang nakita nung nag hatch, kaya akala sya yung nanay, (imprinting)

- critical & sensitive period

- language acquisition- kapag bata, madali sila mag acquire ng language 1-7y/o, kapag lumampas ng 7-mahihirapan na mag acquire language

principle of lifespan development (paul baltes) - nagpropose

- development is lifelong - womb to tomb

- multidimensional - when you develop in one domain, you will develop in other domain

- multidirectional - you lose some, you earn some. may matututunan ka, pero may mababawas sa nalalaman mo. when we are aging, we have experience pero as we grow older, bumabagal yung brain natin.

- shows plasticity- sensitive period- kahit hirap tayo nag acquire, may nakukuha pa rin

- historical & cultural context - we as individual we have our own context, differentiation.

developmental theories

development

reactive vs active

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mechanistic organismic

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john locke. jean jacques rosseu

- reactive - tayo bang mga tao ay nagrreact lang sa input ng environment natin, like machines that needs input to have output - mec, nurture

- active - active agents of iur dev, like may nagagawa ba tayo to affect our ouwn dev, own natural sequence to our dev - organismic, nature

- john locke- tabula rasa- blank slate - our everyday life shapes our development- yung pagkatao natin-

- jihn jacques- we are born as noble savages- adult na maliit lang ang katawan - we are inherent good, kaya nagiging masama dahil sa environment

is development continuos vs discontinuous

- con- quantitative change in our development- unti unti na di napapansin- like height.

- dis- qualitative change in our dev- happens in stages- like pregnant or not pregnant, no in between changes. like psychosocial stages

sigmund freud- sex & aggression- main motivators

provinces of the mind

id- pleasure principle/ demon- unconscious- no touch with reality- gusto lang palagi masatisfy- walang pake sa situation

ego- reality principle- balances the id n superego- because it has in touch with reality

superego

~ ego ideal- nagreremind satin kung ano yung ideal

~ conscience - nagreremind satin sa tama at mali

- main argument ni freud- malaking tumutulak satin ay ang unconscious, laman nito yung mga trauma at anxiety natin, dahil ayaw natin makaramdam ng anxiety, nagkakaron ng coping mechanism which is regression, which is tinatry natin ibaon sa limot, pero yung iba nakakatakas thru panaginip

psychosexual stages (O. A. Pha. La. Ge)

- libido, kailangan ilabas kapag di nalabas may fixation

1. oral- libido- mouth- dito nagfform si id- ages birth to 18months- yung bata wala pang kakayahan mabuhay, mabubuhay sila sa pagdede, we find that pleasurable. we seek to gratify the sucking in the mouth, agad sinusubo ng mga bata if may makita silang laruan.

- oral corporative - under stimulated - independent sila, di nabibigay yung needs nila

- overstimulated - oral aggressive personalities- dependent- nag ooverthink

1. anal stage- toilet training-anus/pwet - ang activity ng pagtae ay pleasurable (hold feces) - ages 18months to 3 years

- understimulated / anal expulsive- overly organized

- overstimulated - disorganized-messy

- ego starts in the anal or sa gitna pero hindi sobra

1. phallic stage- genetals - ages 3years to 6years- laging nilalaro yung genetals - dito natutunan ng bata na may difference sa genetals- curious in their own body- nagsstart maging aware sa genetals

- ang theory ni freud ay sexist

- phallic came from the word phallus, which is the male genetals, dito lumalabas si oedypus complex- sexual attachment sa opposite parent/mother tapos naiinggit sa father, natatakot sa father dahil alam nyang mahina sya. castration anxiety-natatakot maputol ang tite

- according to freud- kapag nagsgart tayo mag allign sa tatay natin, dun na natin matatanggap na lalaki

- according to freud, electra complex- ang batabg babae ay attracted sa tatay, hostility, nakikita na close ang tatay sa batang lalaki tapps nakikita ng batang babae

1. latency- ages 6-12 years old- stages where we go to school and explore the world, marami tayong qctivities, nawawala yung libido energy for that time kase preoccupied tayo sa mga activities- ego

1. genetal stages- ages 12- adulthood, lumalabas ulit si libido, we seek partner and sex

psychosocial stages of development (8)

- erik erikson

- lumaki na di nalaman kung sino yung biological father nya, emphasizes the identity

- kapag naresolve yung crisis, mayroon tayong virtue, kapag di naresolve

1. basic trust vs mistrust- syntonic(good) mistonic(bad) - dapat balance sila pero dapat mas lumalamang si syntonic ng 5%- kapag puro trust lang ang bata, lalaki syang uto-uto, pero kapag puro mistrust wala na syang pagkakatiwalaan.

- B.S- HOPE, kasabay ng oral stage ni freud, umaasa sya kung sino yung magpapakain at ano yung ipapakain, magkakaron sya ng trust dahil nabibigay yung needs nya

- Core Pathology- withdrawal

1. autonomy(S) vs shame & doubt(M)

- B.S - will

- CP - compulsion

- i am my own person, am i still dependent or independent on my caregiver, kaya ko na bang gawin to?

- s&d - kailangan mo ng rules to do something (compulsive)

1. initiative vs guilt

- BS - purpose

- CP- inhibition

- parallel with the phallic stage of freud

- tinanggal ni erik erikson yung emphasis sa sex n genetals

- roleplaying

- we seek and explore roles, nanay nanayan

- epigenetic principle -

1. jndustry vs inferiority

- BS- comp

- CP- inertia

- kaya ko bang sumabay?

- diro papasok yung response ng caregiver, kapag nakakuha ng low score/negative feedback, feeling nya inferior na sya sa mga kaklase nya

- kapag naman nakakuha ng positive feedback, feeling natin kaya na natin sumabay

1. identity vs identity confusion

- important na maform natin yung identity natin sa stage na to dahil maaapektuhan yung mga susunid na stages

- BS- fidelity (alam natin kung sino talaga tayo, loyalty to yourself)

- cp- repudiation

- nagsstart na hanapin ng binata kung sino sya, at ano talaga sya

- kapag di nadevelop- go with the flow, di alam kung sino tayo which is repudiation, you reject who you are

1. intimacy vs isolation

- bs- love

- cp- exclusion vs exclusivity

- consumate love- dapat present yung tatlo, passion, love and commitment

- kapag walang nabuong identity, mahihirapan ka maghanap ng partner, wala kang personality

- kaoag nakahanap ng suitable partner, magkakaron at magdedevelop yung love

1. generativity vs stagnation

- bs : care

- cp: rejectivity

- we are in the middle of adulthood, you care for your parents who's growing old, but you also care for your child.

- the stage where we look for other people like giving back but also looking out for the next gen in helping them

- maladaptive - wala akong pake sa iba

1. integrity vs dispair

- bs: wisdom

- cp - dispair

- looking back at their life, if its good or bad or they are satisfied

- reflecting with our life, kapag di masaya, takit mamatay, kapag masaya, di takot mamatay

Marcia's Stages/ Statuses of Identity Formation

- nagsstem ng konti sa identuty vs confusion, binjgyan nya ng four statuses

- exploration -

- commitment-

1. identity diffusion - no ex, no comm- walang commitment sa profesion, sumunod sa mga kaibigan, go with the flow, di ka nag try, di ka nag commit

2. identity foreclosure- with comm, no ex- hindi ka nagtry, nag commit ka agad. sinabing magaling ka sa math, tapos nag bs math ka.

3. identity moratorium- with ex, no comm- lipat lipat ng course until they find what they really want. nagttry lang, di pa nagccommit.

4. identity achievement- with ex, with comm- nahanap mo na yung course yung para sayo.

Behaviorism

- main emphasis is Learning

- learning about the environment- reactive

~ Classical Conditioning - ivan pavlov

-uncondition stimulus - food

-neutral stimulus - yung bell, walang nakukuhang response/reaction, ipair si NS sa UCS

-uncondition response- kapag nakakakita ng pagkain, naaakit

~ Operant Conditioning - BF Skinner

-reinforcement and punishment-

- reinforcement- to increase the behavior, reward

- punishment- to reduce the behavior

2types of reinforcement

- positive - pleasant stimulus, kapag gusto mo yung ginagawa ng tao, bibigyan mo ng cp

- negative - decrease, tatanggalin yung unpleasant stimulus, kapag salbahe di papansinin, kapag yung aso nakatali, tatanggalin yung tali

2types of punishment

Schedule of reinforcement

Interval- Time

Ratio - Amount

Variable Ratio - no set amount of times of reinforcement, ex. slot machines-randomize

Fixed Ratio - fix yung pagbibigay ng reinforcement, ex. payment

Variable Interval- reinforcement at a random times, ex. surprise quiz, no certain time

Fixed Interval- reinforcement is given at a certain time, ex. sahod

JEAN PIAGET

- cognitive stage of development- highlights how we learn from our environment, kung pano natin naiintindihan yung mundo

- organization- schemas, parang folder sa comp na about thesis, we organized the information about the world, dapat equal sa reality

- equilibrium- disequilibrium

- adaptation

- ~assimilation- youre going to fit the information to your existing information, isisiksik mo yung info

- ~accomodation- you create a new information, schema

4 stages

1. sensorimotor- (0-2) - we dont know anything abt the world, we dont have the capabilities to explore. natututo tayo thru our senses, motor functioning, thru movements.

primary circular reaction- pleasurable, own body

secondary- reaction sa object, tumunog yung toy

tertiary- little scientist, tumunog na toy, titignan nya kung tutunog ba kapag binato

- object permanence- an object doesn't exist kapag di nakikita-non existence

1. preoperational - (2-7) - symbolic functioning

- may mental representation, natututo na sa symbols

- pretend play

- egocentric pa yung mga bata - hindi pa kayang mag imagine, hindi pa kayang ilagay yung sarili sa sapatos ng ibang tao. - pipiliin yung gusto na toy, hindi yung gusto ng ibang tao.

- mountain studies/twin mountain- inaaral yung egocentrism ng bata

- animism - giving life to non living objects, aalagaan yung robot

- artifisialism- there are some cases that is supernatural, may multo

- centration- naka focus sa iisang object, focuses only on one aspect or person. barya vs paper

1. concreate -(7-11) - nagkakaron na ng logical thinking yung bata, yung logic ng bata is very literal, madali sila mauto

- key milestone- conservation- clay (kahit yupi yupiin, same pa rin yung amount non)

- reversibility- ability to reverse action in our mind. clay (may original state, kayang ibalik)

- decentration - acknowledged the perspective of other people

- seriation - yung bata kapag binigyan mo ng stick, kaya na nyang ayusin from shortest to longest.

1. formal (12- up) - eto na yung pinaka matalino tayo

- hypothetical deductive reasoning

- can understand bigger concepts like justice and freedom

- kaya na nya intindihin kung bakit kumakain yung isang tao

(from bobo to creative)

primary circular reaction- pleasurable, own body

secondary- reaction sa object, tumunog yung toy

tertiary- little scientist, tumunog na toy, titignan nya kung tutunog ba kapag binato

- object permanence- an object doesn't exist kapag di nakikita-non existence

study BROFENBRENNER'S ECOLOGICAL THDevelopment Psychology

scientific study of the systematic changes in human beings

- it started in tummy

life span development/approach

- womb to tomb, conception to cremation

- triangle, mabilis-peak-tapos babagal na hanggang mamatay

- see the dev of human beings in three aspects/domains

- 1. physical - biological changes in the body

- 2. cognitive - how we process information

- 3. psychosocial - relationship with ourself and others, how we see ourselves

- these three are related with each other

influences in our development